Pubmed abstracts for Protein-Protein Interaction search result :

Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor gene is also expressed in the rat kidney . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We also examined ghrelin receptor [ GH secretagogues receptor ( GHS R ) ] gene expression in the aortas , the left ventricles , and the left atria of rats by RT PCR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Hormonal regulation of the human ghrelin receptor gene transcription . ^^^ The aim of this study is to clarify the hormonal regulation of the human ghrelin receptor gene expression in GH ( 3 ) cells transfected with our previously cloned 5 ' flanking region inserted into a luciferase reporter vector . ^^^ Phorbor 12 tetradecanoate 13 acetate ( TPA ) with simultaneous addition of Bay K 8644 mimicking ghrelin action caused a significant inhibition of the luciferase activity through the ghrelin receptor gene upstream proximal to 669 but not to 608 base pairs ( bp ) . ^^^ Glucocorticoid caused a weak but significant inhibition of the luciferase activity through the ghrelin receptor gene upstream proximal to 531 but not to 475 bp . ^^^ These results suggest that both TPA / Bay K 8644 and glucocorticoid downregulate human ghrelin receptor gene expression through the transcriptional mechanism involving some nuclear factors . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , changes in the density of this proposed ghrelin receptor implicates this new transmitter system in the development of atherosclerosis and may therefore represent a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of cardiovascular disease . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A large quantity of information based on clinical trials and experimental studies with ghrelin and previously available synthetic ghrelin receptor agonists ( GH secretagogues ) must now be integrated with a rapidly increasing amount of data on the central regulation of metabolism and appetite . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , testicular expression of the gene encoding the cognate ghrelin receptor was observed from the infantile period to adulthood , with the GHS R mRNA being persistently expressed after selective withdrawal of mature Leydig cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor density was increased ( approximately three to fourfold ) with atherosclerosis of coronary artery disease and accelerated atherosclerosis of saphenous vein grafts , compared with normal vessels , highlighting a potentially beneficial role for this novel vasodilator peptide in human vascular disease . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The presence of the ghrelin receptor in vagal afferent neurons was assessed by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization histochemistry . ^^^ A binding study on the vagus nerve by ( 125 ) 1 ghrelin was performed to determine the transport of the ghrelin receptor from vagus afferent neurons to the periphery . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , the hyperphagia was partially reversed by the administration of a ghrelin receptor antagonist . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , the potent releasing activity of EAA agonists NMDA and AMPA was blunted by pretreatment with D Lys 3 GHRP 6 , a selective antagonist of the cognate ghrelin receptor , i . e . the GH secretagogue receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The actions of ghrelin are mediated via the naturally occurring ghrelin receptor , also known as the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , RT PCR analysis showed that a ghrelin receptor was present in the mammary glands of lactating rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Antagonism of ghrelin receptor reduces food intake and body weight gain in mice . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Future studies are necessary to investigate putative mechanisms of ghrelin resistance such as a possible impairment of intracellular ghrelin receptor signaling in pathophysiological states presenting with cachexia . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Because such adiposity was thought to be mediated by hypothalamic NPY neurons , we investigated by which mechanism a synthetic ghrelin receptor agonist , GHRP 2 , would generate a positive energy balance in NPY deficient [ Npy ( / ) mice ] and wild type controls . ^^^ In conclusion , chronic peripheral treatment with a ghrelin receptor agonist induced a positive energy balance leading to fat gain in the absence of NPY . ^^^ Ghrelin receptor agonists offer a treatment option for syndromes like anorexia nervosa , cancer cachexia , or AIDS wasting . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These altered DIO leptin and ghrelin responses were associated with 10 % lower leptin receptor mRNA expression in the arcuate ( ARC ) , dorsomedial ( DMN ) , and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei and 13 and 15 % lower ghrelin receptor ( GHS R ) mRNA expression in the ARC and DMN than in the DR rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Changes in ghrelin and ghrelin receptor expression according to feeding status . ^^^ This study was undertaken to investigate changes in expression levels of stomach ghrelin as well as of ghrelin receptor in the hypothalamus and pituitary glands according to feeding state . ^^^ The ghrelin receptor mRNA levels of 48 h fasted rats were 8 times higher in the hypothalamus and 3 times higher in the anterior pituitary gland than levels in fed rats . ^^^ In summary , not only stomach ghrelin , but also hypothalamic ghrelin receptor mRNA expression , increased during a fast . ^^^ Such as enhanced ghrelin receptor expression could contribute to the amplification of ghrelin action in a negative energy balance state . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , we measured the mRNA expression of the ghrelin receptor using RT PCR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
High constitutive signaling of the ghrelin receptor identification of a potent inverse agonist . ^^^ By measuring inositol phosphate turnover or by using a reporter assay for transcriptional activity controlled by cAMP responsive elements , the ghrelin receptor showed strong , ligand independent signaling in transfected COS 7 or human embryonic kidney 293 cells . ^^^ In contrast , the low potency ghrelin antagonist , [ D Arg 1 , D Phe 5 , D Trp 7 , 9 , Leu 11 ] substance P was surprisingly found to be a high potency ( EC 50 = 5 . 2 nm ) full inverse agonist as it decreased the constitutive signaling of the ghrelin receptor down to that observed in untransfected cells . ^^^ The homologous motilin receptor functioned as a negative control as it did not display any sign of constitutive activity ; however , upon agonist stimulation the motilin receptor signaled as strongly as the unstimulated ghrelin receptor . ^^^ It is concluded that the ghrelin receptor is highly constitutively active and that this activity could be of physiological importance in its role as a regulator of both GH secretion and appetite control . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) 6 , a synthetic ligand for the ghrelin receptor , increased IGF 1 mRNA levels , decreased cell death and inhibited caspase 3 and 9 activation in the cerebellum of aged rats . ^^^ Growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) 6 , a synthetic ligand for the ghrelin receptor , increased IGF 1 mRNA levels , decreased cell death and inhibited caspase 3 and 9 activation in the cerebellum of aged rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a newly identified endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( i . e . , ghrelin receptor ) , was recently demonstrated to be a potent vasoactive peptide in addition to its effects on growth hormone release and energy homeostasis . ^^^ Ghrelin , a newly identified endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( i . e . , ghrelin receptor ) , was recently demonstrated to be a potent vasoactive peptide in addition to its effects on growth hormone release and energy homeostasis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin binding activity is demonstrated in both native and ghrelin overexpressing 3T3 L 1 cells by radiolabeled ghrelin , although reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with the primer sequence of the previously identified ghrelin receptor subtypes detected no signal . ^^^ Our results demonstrate that ghrelin inhibits adipogenesis by stimulation of cell proliferation via the mediation of a ghrelin receptor , likely a novel unidentified subtype . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Constitutive ghrelin receptor activity as a signaling set point in appetite regulation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , it had not been directly shown that the GHSR is a physiologically relevant ghrelin receptor . ^^^ In contrast to wild type mice , acute treatment of Ghsr null mice with ghrelin stimulated neither GH release nor food intake , showing that the GHSR is a biologically relevant ghrelin receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Sequencing analysis of the ghrelin receptor ( growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a ) gene . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Upregulation of cardiovascular ghrelin receptor occurs in the hyperdynamic phase of sepsis . ^^^ Ghrelin , a newly identified endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a ( GHSR 1a , i . e . , ghrelin receptor ) , was recently demonstrated to be a potent vasoactive peptide . ^^^ Ghrelin , a newly identified endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a ( GHSR 1a , i . e . , ghrelin receptor ) , was recently demonstrated to be a potent vasoactive peptide . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GH responses to GHRH , the physiologic hypothalamic stimulus , and GHRP 6 , a synthetic hexapeptide that binds the Ghrelin receptor , were studied in rats treated with streptozotocin ( STZ ) , an experimental model of diabetes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Targeting the ghrelin receptor : orally active GHS and cortistatin analogs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor gene : identification of several sequence variants in extremely obese children and adolescents , healthy normal weight and underweight students , and children with short normal stature . ^^^ GH secretagogue receptor ( GHSR , ghrelin receptor ) is involved in regulation of body weight and GH secretion . ^^^ In conclusion , we did not obtain conclusive evidence for an involvement of the ghrelin receptor gene in body weight regulation or SNS in our study groups . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The cognate ghrelin receptor showed a wider pattern of cellular distribution , with detectable GHS R1a protein in germ cells , mainly in pachytene spermatocytes , as well as in somatic Sertoli and Leydig cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Because ghrelin receptor is abundantly expressed in adipose tissue , we investigated the role of ghrelin in adipocyte biology . ^^^ We observed ghrelin receptor expression in 3T3 L 1 preadipocytes and adipocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor mRNA and immunoreactivity were detected in tissues from DMNV . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Interestingly , CST but not SS also binds ghrelin receptor ( GHS R1a ) in vitro , suggesting a potential interplay between CST and ghrelin system . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Collectively , these results indicate the existence of a novel ghrelin receptor that may regulate the feeding activity of ghrelin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It is not yet clear whether this inhibitory activity on lipolysis is also shared by the major circulating isoform , des acyl ghrelin , that does not activate the ghrelin receptor , namely the type 1a GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R1a ) and lacks the endocrine effects of the acylated form . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Common structural basis for constitutive activity of the ghrelin receptor family . ^^^ Three members of the ghrelin receptor family were characterized in parallel : the ghrelin receptor , the neurotensin receptor 2 and the orphan receptor GPR 39 . ^^^ The constitutive activity of the ghrelin receptor and of neurotensin receptor 2 through the G ( q ) , phospholipase C pathway was approximately 50 % of their maximal capacity as determined through inositol phosphate accumulation . ^^^ Antibody feeding experiments demonstrated that the epitope tagged ghrelin receptor was constitutively internalized but could be trapped at the cell surface by an inverse agonist , whereas GPR 39 remained at the cell surface . ^^^ Mutational analysis showed that the constitutive activity of both the ghrelin receptor and GPR 39 could systematically be tuned up and down depending on the size and hydrophobicity of the side chain in position 6 : 16 in the context of an aromatic residue at 7 : 09 and a large hydrophobic residue at 7 : 06 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This effect could be mediated via the level of expression of ghrelin receptor ( growth hormone secretagogue receptor [ GHS R ] ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recently , the ghrelin receptor has also been detected in peripheral systems including immune tissues , suggesting that ghrelin may play an important role in the regulation of immune function . ^^^ In this paper , we assessed the presence and function of the ghrelin receptor in murine splenic T cells . ^^^ The enriched T cells express the mRNA of ghrelin and ghrelin receptor mRNA , and there is a significantly positive correlation between them . ^^^ These results demonstrate the presence of the ghrelin receptor in murine spleen T lymphocytes and a functional role of ghrelin as a modulator of lymphocyte function . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor and its signal transduction ] . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The lack of efficacy of HEX , the efficacy of UAG , and the absence of GHS R1a expression indicate the involvement of a yet uncharacterized ghrelin receptor type . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ala scan of ghrelin ( 1 14 ) : interaction with the recombinant human ghrelin receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Evidence for the presence of motilin , ghrelin , and the motilin and ghrelin receptor in neurons of the myenteric plexus . ^^^ RT PCR studies revealed motilin , ghrelin , and ghrelin receptor mRNA transcripts in LMMP preparations and in cultured myenteric neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Circulating ghrelin levels and central ghrelin receptor expression are elevated in response to food deprivation in a seasonal mammal ( Phodopus sungorus ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a , the functional ghrelin receptor , in human ovarian surface epithelium , mullerian duct derivatives , and ovarian tumors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Genetic linkage and association of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( ghrelin receptor ) gene in human obesity . ^^^ The growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) ( ghrelin receptor ) plays an important role in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
How many ghrelin receptor subtypes exist . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Insulin like growth factor 1 down regulates ghrelin receptor ( growth hormone secretagogue receptor ) expression in the rat pituitary . ^^^ The effects of insulin like growth factor 1 ( IGF 1 ) on the ghrelin receptor [ growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) ] gene expression and on the GH response to GHS in rat pituitary cell cultures were examined . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A series of isoxazole carboxamide derivatives has been developed as potent ghrelin receptor antagonists . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Our results showed that ghrelin and ghrelin receptor were consistently expressed in AR42J cells . ^^^ These results indicate that ligand stimulation of the ghrelin receptor could lead to a biphasic [ Ca2+ ] 1 mobilization in these cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The hypothalamic effects of ghrelin , a regulator of GHRH production and food intake , were reduced in these mice , suggesting that an impairment of ghrelin receptor signaling might contribute to GHRH deficiency and abnormal eating behavior . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We then discuss the following controversial questions in ghrelin research and offer our opinions regarding these debates . ( 1 ) Is ghrelin synthesized within the brain . ( 2 ) How does ghrelin increase food intake . ( 3 ) Does des acyl ghrelin have a physiologic function . ( 4 ) Are there receptors for ghrelin other than GHS R1a . ( 5 ) Does ghrelin regulate insulin secretion . ( 6 ) Does ghrelin regulate gastrointestinal motility . ( 7 ) Can ghrelin or ghrelin receptor agonists be used to treat wasting conditions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A series of substituted oxindole derivatives of SM 130686 was synthesized and evaluated as ghrelin receptor agonists . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , expression of the functional ghrelin receptor , the GHS R type 1a , has been shown in Sertoli and Leydig cells of the testis , and in follicular , luteal , surface epithelial and interstitial hilus cells of the ovary . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We compared the gastroprokinetic effects of ghrelin , the ghrelin receptor agonist , growth hormone releasing peptide 6 ( GHRP 6 ) , and motilin in rats in vivo and in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nonpeptide and peptide growth hormone secretagogues act both as ghrelin receptor agonist and as positive or negative allosteric modulators of ghrelin signaling . ^^^ It is concluded that agonists for the ghrelin receptor vary both in respect of their intrinsic agonist properties and in their ability to modulate ghrelin signaling . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two chicken isoforms of the ghrelin receptor have been identified , both of which are highly expressed in the hypothalamus and pituitary , suggesting that a stimulatory effect may be directed at these levels . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Treatment of ghrelin ( 10 ( 11 ) to 10 ( 7 ) M ) to MC3T3 E 1 cells showed dose dependent stimulation of proliferation , which was abrogated by treatment with [ d Lys ] GHRP 6 ( 10 ( 3 ) M ) , a selective antagonist of the ghrelin receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
They act on the ghrelin receptor , expressed in both the hypothalamus and the pituitary . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor mRNA was detected in tissues from the NTS . ^^^ The mitotic effect of ghrelin was abolished by treatment of cultured NTS neurons with ghrelin receptor antagonists : D Lys 3 GHRP 6 and [ D Arg 1 , D Phe 5 , D Trp 7 , 9 , Leu 11 ] substance P . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor agonist GHRP 2 prevents arthritis induced increase in E 3 ubiquitin ligating enzymes MuRF 1 and MAFbx gene expression in skeletal muscle . ^^^ We also studied whether the synthetic ghrelin receptor agonist , growth hormone releasing peptide 2 ( GHRP 2 ) , was able to prevent arthritis induced changes in the skeletal muscle . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The responses to ghrelin were abolished by pretreatment of [ D Lys 3 ] GHRP 6 , ghrelin receptor antagonist . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The ghrelin receptor ( growth hormone secretagogue receptor ) is a member of G protein coupled seven transmembrane domain receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Gonadal expression of the functional ghrelin receptor , the GHS R type 1a , was also shown in Sertoli and Leydig cells of the testis and in follicular , luteal , surface epithelial and interstitial hilus cells of the ovary . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although ghrelin ' s effects are partially mediated at the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus , via activation of neurons that co express neuropeptide Y and agouti related protein ( NPY / Agrp neurons ) , the ghrelin receptor is expressed also in other brain sites . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These results may suggest the presence of an unknown ghrelin receptor that modulates ghrelin actions on weight gain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chronic systemic administration of growth hormone ( GH ) releasing peptide 6 ( GHRP 6 ) , an agonist for the ghrelin receptor , to normal adult rats increases insulin like growth factor ( IGF ) 1 mRNA and phosphorylated Akt ( pAkt ) levels in various brain regions , including the hypothalamus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These observations suggest a potential for ghrelin receptor agonists in the treatment of gastroparesis . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : Ghrelin is the recently identified endogenous ligand for the ghrelin receptor GHS R1a and known to regulate growth hormone secretion and appetite . ^^^ Our aim was to investigate if ghrelin and ghrelin receptor protein are expressed within the human vasculature , to determine if des octanoyl ghrelin , like ghrelin , is a vasodilator in human artery and to test the acute effect of ghrelin peptides on cardiac contractility . ^^^ METHODS : Distribution of ghrelin and ghrelin receptor was determined using standard immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy . ^^^ Specific antisera detected ghrelin receptor on vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Preproghrelin gene , ghrelin receptor and metabolic syndrome ] . ^^^ Mutations in preproghrelin and ghrelin gene or ghrelin receptor gene could be responsible for low ghrelin levels observed in obese individuals . ^^^ No evidence of relationship between ghrelin receptor gene polymorphisms and body mass regulation was found , however , until now there is no study on relationships between these polymorphisms and metabolic complications of obesity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Characterization of turkey and chicken ghrelin genes , and regulation of ghrelin and ghrelin receptor mRNA levels in broiler chickens . ^^^ These results offer new information about the avian ghrelin and ghrelin receptor genes and the potential role that this system might play in regulating feed intake and energy balance in poultry . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of ghrelin receptor mRNA in the rat and the mouse brain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ; ghrelin receptor ) . ^^^ Ghrelin is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ; ghrelin receptor ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NOX B 11 2 ( 66 mg / kg , sc ) blocked ghrelin induced feeding and was without effect on feeding evoked by an orally active nonpeptide ghrelin receptor agonist . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
High levels of ghrelin receptor ( GHS R ) mRNA were detected in various peripheral fetal tissues beginning at embryonic d 14 and lasting until birth . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The implications of these results for the binding pocket of the ghrelin receptor are discussed . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor nomenclature , distribution , and function . ^^^ The purpose of this review is to propose an official International Union of Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification ( NC IUPHAR ) nomenclature designating GHS R1a as the ghrelin receptor to follow the convention of naming receptors after the endogenous agonist , abbreviated where necessary to GRLN . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
With the use of RT PCR , transcripts corresponding to both functional [ growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) 1a ] and truncated forms ( GHS R1b ) of the ghrelin receptor were detected in rat nodose ganglia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Agonists at the ghrelin receptor may , therefore , become a useful human therapeutic for this disorder . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cell biology of the ghrelin receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor mutations too little height and too much hunger . ^^^ The ghrelin receptor is known from in vitro studies to signal in the absence of the hormone ghrelin at almost 50 % of its maximal capacity . ^^^ In this issue of the JCI , Pantel et al . find that a natural mutation in the ghrelin receptor , Ala204Glu , which is associated with a selective loss of constitutive activity without affecting ghrelin affinity , potency , or efficacy , segregates in 2 families with the development of short stature ( see the related article beginning on page 760 ) . ^^^ By combination of the observations from this study with those related to the phenotype of subjects carrying another natural ghrelin receptor mutation , Phe279Leu , having identical molecular pharmacological properties , it is proposed that selective lack of ghrelin receptor constitutive signaling leads to a syndrome characterized not only by short stature , but also by obesity that apparently develops during puberty . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Both models displayed hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia with reduced expression of GH as well as reduced expression of pituitary receptors important for GH synthesis and release [ GHRH receptor ( DIO only ) and the ghrelin receptor ( ob / ob and DIO ) ] . ^^^ In addition , treating primary pituitary cell cultures from lean mice with insulin reduced GH release as well as GH , GHRH receptor , and ghrelin receptor mRNA levels compared with vehicle treated controls , where the magnitude of suppression of pituitary mRNA levels was similar to that observed in the DIO mouse . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found by PCR that ghrelin receptor mRNA is expressed in non transformed human colonic epithelial NCM 460 cells . ^^^ Exposure of NCM 460 cells stably transfected with ghrelin receptor mRNA to ghrelin , increased IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and its subsequent degradation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Association of the Ghrelin receptor gene region with left ventricular hypertrophy in the general population : results of the MONICA / KORA Augsburg Echocardiographic Substudy . ^^^ The GH secretagogue receptor ( GHSR , ghrelin receptor ) is known to be involved in GH release and is expressed in the myocardium . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To identify neurons that express the ghrelin receptor [ GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) ] , we generated GHS R IRES tauGFP mice by gene targeting . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GH secretagogues ( GHS ) are synthetic ghrelin receptor agonists that stimulate GH secretion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Let ' s analyze the ghrelin receptor subtype GH secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor 1a ( R1a ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The contractile effect of the ghrelin receptor antagonist , D Lys 3 GHRP 6 , in rat fundic strips is mediated through 5 HT receptors . ^^^ Previous in vivo studies have shown that the ghrelin receptor antagonist , D Lys ( 3 ) GHRP 6 , reduced food intake and delayed gastric emptying in rodents but these effects are at variance with the normal phenotype of the ghrelin knockout mice . ^^^ In contrast to ghrelin and GHRP 6 , the ghrelin receptor antagonist , D Lys ( 3 ) GHRP 6 , induced pronounced smooth muscle contractions in the rat fundus by interacting with 5 HT ( 2B ) receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To investigate the role of ghrelin in the hyperphagia associated with uncontrolled streptozotocin induced diabetes , food intake was followed in diabetic ghrelin knockout ( ghrelin ( / ) ) and control wild type ( ghrelin ( + / + ) ) mice and diabetic Naval Medical Research Institute noninbred Swiss mice treated with either saline or the ghrelin receptor antagonist , D Lys 3 GH releasing peptide 6 ( D Lys 3 GHRP 6 ) for 5 d . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , cyclic fluctuations in mRNA levels of growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) 1a , i . e . the functional ghrelin receptor , were observed in the pituitary , with low values at estrus and metestrus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Construction of human ghrelin receptor ( hGHS R1a ) model using a fragmental prediction approach and validation through docking analysis . ^^^ The objective of this study was to investigate the reliability of a fragmental approach to build a full length model of the human ghrelin receptor ( hGHS R1a ) in its open state . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Growth hormone releasing hormone ( GHRH ) neurons in the arcuate nucleus ( Arc ) of the hypothalamus are decreased in transgenic rats whose expression of ghrelin receptor is attenuated : Evidence that ghrelin receptor is involved in the up regulation of GHRH expression in the arc . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor inverse agonists : identification of an active peptide core and its interaction epitopes on the receptor . [ D Arg 1 , D Phe 5 , D Trp 7 , 9 , Leu 11 ] Substance P functions as a low potency antagonist but a high potency full inverse agonist on the ghrelin receptor . ^^^ Mutational analysis at 17 selected positions in the main ligand binding crevice of the ghrelin receptor demonstrated that ghrelin apparently interacts only with residues in the middle part of the pocket [ i . e . , between transmembrane ( TM ) 3 , TM 6 and TM 7 ] . ^^^ The identified pharmacophore can possibly serve as the basis for targeted discovery of also nonpeptide inverse agonists for the ghrelin receptor . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Congenital ablation of the ghrelin or ghrelin receptor gene causes resistance to diet induced obesity , and pharmacologic ghrelin blockade reduces food intake and body weight . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor agonists may have a role as prokinetic agents . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) binding to porcine anterior pituitary and hypothalamic membranes . ^^^ The synthetic hexapeptide , His D Trp Ala Trp D Phe Lys NH 2 ( GHRP , Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide ) , has no structural similarities with any of the GH releasing peptides known and its action in releasing GH is by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as hypothalamus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) also interacted with the low affinity GRF binding site . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Since the growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) , His D Trp Ala Trp D Phe Lys NH 2 , was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus , in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The substance P ( SP ) / bombesin ( Bn ) antagonists [ DArg1DTrp7 , 9Leu11 ] SP ( P 7482 ) , [ DArg 1 DPro2DTrp7 , 9Leu11 ] SP ( P 7483 ) , [ DArg1DPhe5DTrp7 , 9Leu11 ] SP ( P 7492 ) , and the growth hormone releasing hormone ( GHRH ) antagonist [ DArg2Ala8 , 9 , 15 ] GHRH ( 1 29 ) ( DC 21 366 ) were tested for their in vitro effects on the release of growth hormone ( GH ) in the presence of GHRH and growth hormone releasing peptide , HisDTrpAlaTrpDPheLysNH 2 ( GHRP ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two carrier free electrophoretic separation methods , capillary zone electrophoresis ( CZE ) and continuous free flow zone electrophoresis ( FFZE ) , have been applied to both microanalysis at the nanogram level and preparative fractionation , with a throughput of 30 mg / h , of synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Stimulation of endogenous secretion of GH e . g . by oral administration of growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) may help in future to eliminate these adverse aspects . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP 6 ) stimulates growth hormone ( GH ) release in animals and man . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A hybrid analogue , H His D Arg Ala Trp D Phe Lys NH 2 , was designed based upon the primary structures of a growth hormone releasing peptide analogue , [ His 1 , Lys 6 ] GHRP , and the MSH fragment , Ac alpha MSH ( 6 11 ) NH 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Effects in vitro of new growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP 1 ) on growth hormone secretion from ovine pituitary cells in primary culture . ^^^ Continuous perifusion of pituitary cells was used to study the effects of a newly synthesized GHRP ( GHRP 1 or KP 101 ) on growth hormone ( GH ) secretion from ovine pituitary cells and these have been compared to effects of growth hormone releasing factor ( GRF ) and the original growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP 6 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The transient dynamic swelling and dissolution behavior during the release of a growth hormone releasing peptide , [ D Trp 2 D Phe 5 ] GHRP , from erodible , non cross linked poly ( methyl methacrylate co methacrylic acid ) ( PMMA / MAA ) beads has been investigated at pH 7 . 4 as a function of buffer concentration . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Radiolabeled mannitol ( Man ; MW 182 ) and growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP , SK & F 110679 ; MW 873 ) were employed to measure transport rates across the epithelium , and fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to measure rates of lucifer yellow ( LY ; MW 521 ) transport . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : Hexarelin is a recently synthesized small growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) ( His D 2 methyl Trp Ala Trp D Phe Lys NH 2 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP , sequence His D Trp Ala Trp D Phe Lys NH 2 ) is a synthetic hexapeptide under consideration for transdermal iontophoretic drug delivery . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The GH axis may be stimulated by either GHRH or by growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) and related compounds . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) 2 is a synthetic six amino acid peptide that is a potent GH secretagogue . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVES : Hexarelin ( HEX ) is a synthetic hexapeptide belonging to the growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) family . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Identification of a pituitary growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) receptor subtype by photoaffinity labeling . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Hexarelin ( HEX ) is a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) which acts via specific receptors at both the pituitary and the hypothalamic level to stimulate GH release both in animals and in man . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Hexarelin ( HEX ) is a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) which acts on specific receptors at both the pituitary and the hypothalamic level to stimulate GH release in an age dependent manner . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) 2 specifically stimulates GH release in man . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As an outcome of a major chemistry programme , ipamorelin was identified within a series of compounds lacking the central dipeptide Ala Trp of growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chimeric peptides consisting of growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP 6 ) linked to somatostatin ( 6 11 ) via an amide bond to provide the effector parts of both the peptides were synthesized . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Hexarelin , a synthetic hexapeptide of the growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) family with strong growth hormone ( GH ) releasing activity , features protecting activity against postischemic ventricular dysfunction in hearts from GH deficient and senescent rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Previously , we demonstrated that systemic injection of the growth hormone secretagogue , growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) 6 , selectively activated cells in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus , as reflected by increased electrical activity and induction of the immediate early gene c fos . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The effects of a 6 day intracerebroventricular ( i . c . v . ) infusion of KP 102 , a growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) , on food intake and body weight gain were observed in free feeding rats that were or were not subjected to intermittent electric footshock stress during the 6 days . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A reduced availability of TRH , one of the endogenous ligands of the GH releasing peptide ( GHRP ) receptor ( such as the recently discovered ghrelin ) and , in very long stay critically ill men , also of GHRH , appear to be involved . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The acute 4 bolus GH responses of these subjects to the two peptides alone and together suggest that the decreased GH secretion may be primarily due to a deficiency of the natural endogenous GHRP , ghrelin , rather than a decreased secretion of endogenous GHRH or excess secretion of SRIF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A reduced availability of thyrotropin ( TSH ) releasing hormone ( TRH ) , gonadotropin ( LH ) releasing hormone ( GnRH ) , the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone ( GH ) releasing peptide ( GHRP ) receptor ( ghrelin ) and , in very long stay critically ill men also of GH releasing hormone ( GHRH ) , inferrentially appears involved . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study , the effect of i . c . v . injection of different ghrelins including chicken and bullfrog ghrelin , and synthetic GH releasing peptide ( GHRP ) on feeding of neonatal chicks was investigated . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chronic central infusion of insulin or leptin during a 48 h fast suppressed the threefold increase in the Fos response to intravenous injection of a maximally effective dose of growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) 6 , a synthetic growth hormone secretagogue . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Critical peptidyl effectors are GH releasing hormone ( GHRH ) , GH releasing peptide ( GHRP , ghrelin ) , and somatostatin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The present appraisal of central neuroregulatory components of the somatotropic axis highlights a simplifying concept of ensemble control by the final common peptides , GH releasing hormone ( GHRH ) , GH releasing peptide ( s ) ( GHRP , ghrelin ) , and somatostatin . ^^^ GHRH , GHRP / ghrelin , and somatostatin further adapt to autonegative feedback by GH and IGF 1 . ^^^ Estradiol modulates the impact of each of the primary peptidyl inputs ; viz . : ( 1 ) enhances submaximally effective feedforward by discrete pulses of ( injected ) recombinant human GHRH 1 , 44 amide ( as defined by increased agonistic potency and pituitary sensitivity ) ; ( 2 ) potentiates the submaximally stimulatory effects of GHRP 2 , a hexapeptidyl mimetic of ghrelin ; ( 3 ) blunts dose dependent inhibition of fasting GH secretion by somatostatin 14 ; and ( 4 ) relieves rhGH enforced negative feedback on GHRP 2 ( but not on basal , exercise , or GHRH ) stimulated GH secretion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : The mammalian heart contains specific growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) binding sites whose physiological significance is unknown . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In view of the daunting complexity of potential neuromodulatory signals , we underline the utility of conceptualizing a simplified three peptide regulatory ensemble of GHRH , GHRP ( ghrelin ) and somatostatin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The peptide GHS employed included growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) 2 , ipamorelin , and human ghrelin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The present study examines the thesis that pulsatile GH secretion is controlled simultaneously by three principal signals ; viz . , GHRH , GH releasing peptide ( GHRP , ghrelin ) , and somatostatin ( SS ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
KP 102 ( GHRP 2 : pralmorelin ) is a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) that powerfully stimulates the release of GH by acting ( i . v . ) at both hypothalamic and pituitary sites . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , synthetic growth hormone secretagogues have also been shown to regulate growth hormone release through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , suggesting the existence of an additional physiological regulator for growth hormone release . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The recent cloning of a growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) from human pituitary gland and brain identified a third G protein coupled receptor ( GPC R ) involved in the control of growth hormone release . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recently , the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) cDNA has been isolated from the pituitary and hypothalamus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Growth hormone releasing hormone receptor ( GHRH R ) and growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) mRNA levels during postnatal development in male and female rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A specific growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) has been isolated , its endogenous ligand is still unknown . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We examined the expression of functional growth hormone secretagogue receptors ( GHS R ) in a series of 30 human pituitary adenomas six secreting GH , three GH PRL , six prolactin ( PRL ) , five adrenocorticotrophic hormone ( ACTH ) , one thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH ) , four gonadotroph and five non secreting adenomas . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study we investigated whether expression of pituitary GH , GHRH receptors ( GHRH R ) , growth hormone secretagogue receptors ( GHS R ) and liver IGF 1 is altered in this model of GHRH deficiency . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a peptide purified from the stomach , is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) and potently stimulates growth hormone release from the pituitary . ^^^ Ghrelin , a peptide purified from the stomach , is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) and potently stimulates growth hormone release from the pituitary . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
An endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) has been recently purified from rat and human stomach and named Ghrelin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) is involved in the regulation of pulsatile GH release . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Messenger RNAs of ghrelin and GHS R also were found in these organs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a novel 28 amino acid peptide found in hypothalamus and stomach , was recently identified as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ Ghrelin , a novel 28 amino acid peptide found in hypothalamus and stomach , was recently identified as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , was originally purified from the rat stomach . ^^^ Here , we used radioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry to examine the effects of central administration of rat ghrelin on neuropeptide genes that are expressed in hypothalamic neurons that were previously shown to express GHS R . ^^^ Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , was originally purified from the rat stomach . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Distribution and development of growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) mRNA expression in rat brain and pituitary gland were examined using ribonuclease protection assay . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , was originally purified from the rat stomach . ^^^ These data indicated that the expression of the ghrelin gene in the pituitary is developmentally regulated and the pituitary ghrelin / GHS R signaling system could modulate the regulation of GH secretion by GHRH . . ^^^ Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , was originally purified from the rat stomach . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a 28 amino acid gastric hormone is a natural ligand of the GH Secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor ( GHS R ) and strongly stimulates GH secretion though , like synthetic GHS , it shows other endocrine and non endocrine activities . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , was originally purified from the rat stomach . ^^^ In this study , we determined the effects of chronic intracerebroventricular treatment with ghrelin on metabolic factors and on neuropeptide genes that are expressed in hypothalamic neurons that have been previously shown to express the GHS R and to regulate food consumption . ^^^ Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , was originally purified from the rat stomach . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin was identified in the stomach as an endogenous ligand specific for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ Ghrelin was identified in the stomach as an endogenous ligand specific for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid residue peptide identified in both human and rat stomach and which acts as an endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) and stimulates GH release . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin was recently isolated from the rat stomach as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) and is known to exist in the gastrointestinal tract and hypothalamus . ^^^ Ghrelin was recently isolated from the rat stomach as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) and is known to exist in the gastrointestinal tract and hypothalamus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a novel growth hormone ( GH ) releasing peptide , was recently isolated from the rat stomach as an endogenous ligand to growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ Ghrelin , a novel growth hormone ( GH ) releasing peptide , was recently isolated from the rat stomach as an endogenous ligand to growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The natural ligand for the GHS R has been identified recently ; it is called ghrelin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a novel 28 amino acid peptide recently isolated from human and rat stomach , and it is thought to be the endogenous ligand for GHS R . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : Ghrelin , a 28 amino acid peptide purified from the stomach and showing a unique structure with an n octanoyl ester at the serine 3 residue , is a natural ligand of the GH secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : Ghrelin , a natural GHS R ligand , exerts a strong stimulatory effect on GH secretion in humans and this effect is only blunted by an exogenous somatostatin dose which almost abolishes the GH response to GHRH . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for GHS R , has recently been purified from rat stomach . ^^^ Although ghrelin is also expressed in the hypothalamus , the physiological significance of the ghrelin / GHS R system is still unknown . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The tissue distribution of the mRNA of ghrelin and subtypes of its receptor , GHS R , in humans . ^^^ The distribution of ghrelin , its functional receptor ( type 1a ) and the unspliced , non functional GHS R type 1b mRNA expression was investigated in various human tissues using classical and real time reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction . ^^^ These data suggest that ghrelin might have widespread physiological effects via different , partly unidentified , subtypes of the GHS R in endocrine and non endocrine tissues . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : Ghrelin , a 28 amino acid acylated peptide , is a natural ligand of the GH secretagogues ( GHS ) receptor ( GHS R ) , which is specific for synthetic GHS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) that potently stimulates growth hormone ( GH ) release . ^^^ Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) that potently stimulates growth hormone ( GH ) release . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This study has examined the expression of two new facets of the growth hormone axis , the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) and its recently identified putative natural ligand ghrelin , in prostate cancer cells . ^^^ GHS R 1a and 1b isoforms and ghrelin mRNA expression were detected by RT PCR in the ALVA 41 , LNCaP , DU 145 and PC 3 prostate cancer cell lines . ^^^ Immunohistochemical staining for the GHS R 1a isoform and ghrelin was positive in the four cell lines studied . ^^^ This study is the first to demonstrate the co expression of the GHS R and ghrelin in prostate cancer cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The aim of the present study was 2 fold : 1 ) to determine , by immunohistochemistry and mRNA analysis , whether pancreatic islet cells produce ghrelin and express GHS R ; and 2 ) to investigate ghrelin and GHS R expression in pancreatic endocrine tumors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Comparison of vasodilators in human internal mammary artery : ghrelin is a potent physiological antagonist of endothelin 1 . 1 The potential vasodilator function of the peptide ghrelin , recently identified as the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue orphan receptor ( GHS R ) , was investigated in human endothelium denuded internal mammary artery . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor 1a ( GHS R ( 1a ) ) , was originally purified from the rat stomach . ^^^ Taken together , the primary action of ghrelin on appetite control and GH releasing activity is via the ARC even though it might act on another type of GHS R besides GHS R ( 1a ) . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : Ghrelin was recently identified as a specific endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin possesses endocrine and non endocrine actions mediated by the GH Secretagogue ( GHS ) Receptors ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Discovery of GH secretagogues ( GHSs ) , a series of peptydil and non peptydil synthetic molecules endowed with a strong GH releasing activity , the cloning of a GHS receptor ( GHS R ) , present in the hypothalamus and the pituitary , the isolation of the endogenous ligand of GHS R , ghrelin , a 28 amino acid peptide whose main source is the stomach , pose the issue for the physiologic role of the GHS / ghrelin system and forces revision of our current understanding of GH regulation in different GH deficiency ( GHD ) states , including aging . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a novel 28 amino acid peptide with an n octanoyl modification at Ser ( 3 ) , was isolated from rat stomach and found to be an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ Human ghrelin was purified from the stomach by gel filtration and high performance liquid chromatography , using a ghrelin specific radioimmunoassay and an intracellular calcium influx assay on a stable cell line expressing GHS R to test the fractions . ^^^ Ghrelin , a novel 28 amino acid peptide with an n octanoyl modification at Ser ( 3 ) , was isolated from rat stomach and found to be an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) that potently stimulates growth hormone ( GH ) release . ^^^ Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) that potently stimulates growth hormone ( GH ) release . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVES : Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , was recently identified in the stomach . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : Ghrelin , a 28 amino acid peptide purified from the stomach and showing a unique structure with an n octanoyl ester in serine 3 residue , is a natural ligand of the GH secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor ( GHS R ) and strongly stimulates GH secretion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The aims of this study were to evaluate the expression and homologous regulation of the GHS receptor ( GHS R ) gene in rat adrenal and to assess the effects of synthetic ( GH releasing peptide 6 GHRP 6 ) and natural ( ghrelin ) ligands of GHS R upon basal and ACTH stimulated corticosterone secretion in vitro . ^^^ DESIGN AND METHODS : Analysis of adrenal expression of target mRNAs ( GHS R , GHS R1a , ghrelin , and several steroidogenic factors ) was conducted by means of primer specific , semi quantitative RT PCR . ^^^ RESULTS : RT PCR analysis demonstrated expression of the GHS R gene , but not of the gene encoding the cognate ligand ghrelin , in rat adrenal . ^^^ The adrenal expression of the GHS R message appeared under the regulation of homologous signals in vitro , as short term incubation of adrenal samples in serum free medium induced a significant increase in GHS R mRNA levels that was inhibited by exposure to different doses of GHRP 6 ( 10 ( 9 ) 10 ( 5 ) mol / l ) or ghrelin ( 10 ( 7 ) mol / l ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , the major physiological function of the ghrelin / GHS R system may be related to the control of energy homeostasis . ^^^ Analysis of the GHS R may lead to new insights into the control of GH secretion and additional physiological roles of ghrelin . ^^^ Synthetic growth hormone secretagogues ( GHS ) stimulate growth hormone release through binding to a recently cloned specific growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a natural ligand of the GH secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor ( GHS R ) and possesses a potent GH releasing activity for which the acylation in serine 3 is essential . ^^^ Ghrelin also possesses other endocrine and non endocrine activities reflecting central and peripheral GHS R distribution and stimulates PRL , ACTH and cortisol secretion , has been reported able to induce hyperglycaemia and to decrease insulin levels and has orexigenic activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin binding sites were investigated using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to detect its growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) mRNA and an in situ binding localization procedure . ^^^ In conclusion , ghrelin is expressed in fetal but not in adult thyroid , and is re expressed in tumors ; the presence of ghrelin receptors other than GHS R in normal and neoplastic adult thyroid is suggested ; ghrelin inhibits cell proliferation of thyroid carcinoma cell lines in vitro . . ^^^ Ghrelin binding sites were investigated using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to detect its growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) mRNA and an in situ binding localization procedure . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a novel 28 amino acid peptide identified as the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ In this study , we have assessed the presence and cellular location of ghrelin and its functional receptor , namely the type 1a GHS R , in the cyclic human ovary by means of immunohistochemistry using specific polyclonal antibodies . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , which has been originally isolated from rat stomach . ^^^ Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction demonstrated the expression of ghrelin and GHS R in the rat adrenal cortex , and high adrenal concentrations of immunoreactive ghrelin were detected by radioimmune assay ( RIA ) . ^^^ Taken together , the present findings indicate that ( 1 ) ghrelin and GHS R are both expressed in the rat adrenal cortex , ghrelin binding sites being very abundant in the ZG ; ( 2 ) ghrelin does not affect the secretory activity of rat adrenocortical cells , but significantly enhances the proliferation rate of cultured ZG cells , without affecting apoptotic deletion rate ; and ( 3 ) the ZG proliferogenic action of ghrelin involves the TK dependent activation of the p42 / p44 MAPK cascade . . ^^^ Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , which has been originally isolated from rat stomach . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent research progress indicates a close link between ghrelin , a natural ligand of GH secretagogues receptor ( GHS R ) , and both the metabolic balance and body composition . ^^^ To clarify the involvement of ghrelin and GHS R in the process of adipogenesis , we measured the expression of GHS R and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma 2 ( PPAR gamma 2 ) mRNA in rat adipocytes using semiquantitative RT PCR methods . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , testicular expression of total GHS R and GHS R1a mRNAs was up regulated by exposure to ghrelin in vitro and after stimulation with FSH in vivo . ^^^ Divergent expression of total GHS R and type 1a specific mRNAs was detected at certain stages of postnatal development and spermatogenic cycle , thus raising the possibility that , in addition to net changes in GHS R gene expression , the balance between receptor subtypes may represent a novel mechanism for the tuning of ghrelin sensitivity in rat testis . . ^^^ However , the pattern of expression and hormonal regulation of the gene encoding its cognate receptor ( i . e . , the growth hormone secretagogue receptor [ GHS R ] ) in the male gonad remains to be fully elucidated . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The structural relationship between the motilin and the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , and between their respective ligands , motilin and ghrelin , prompted us to investigate whether ghrelin and the GHS R agonist growth hormone releasing peptide 6 ( GHRP 6 ) , could interact with the motilin receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin was isolated from the rat stomach as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) and has been found in the gastrointestinal tract of many vertebrates . ^^^ Ghrelin was isolated from the rat stomach as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) and has been found in the gastrointestinal tract of many vertebrates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin displays strong growth hormone ( GH ) releasing action mediated by the activation of the so called GH secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor ( GHS R ) type 1a . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , in addition to its GH releasing action , has orexigenic and adipogenic properties . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a novel growth hormone ( GH ) releasing peptide , isolated from the stomach , which has been identified as an endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogues receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
V . injected ghrelin were blocked by growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) antagonist given by the same route and also blocked by immunoneutralization of neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) in the brain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Research on the mechanism for growth hormone secretagogue ( GHS ) induction of growth hormone secretion led to the discovery of the GHS receptor ( GHS R ) and later to ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for GHS R . ^^^ In the presence of ( D Lys ( 3 ) ) GHRP 6 , a specific receptor antagonist of GHS R , the increase in [ Ca ( 2+ ) ] ( 1 ) evoked by ghrelin was decreased . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A novel peptide Ghrelin , found to be a ligand to growth hormone ( GH ) secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , exeterts to stimulates GH release from pituitary gland . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Our aim was to ascertain whether ghrelin , an endogenous ligand of the GHS R , is physiologically endowed with cardioprotective activity . ^^^ We conclude that : 1 ) ghrelin plays a minor role in the control of heart function ; and 2 ) hexarelin effects are mediated in part by the GHS R and largely by interactions with the CD36 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we investigated the expression of ghrelin and its receptor ( GHS R ) in mouse oocyte and preimplantation embryos , and we examined the role of ghrelin in the regulation of early embryo development . ^^^ Both ghrelin and GHS R mRNAs were detected in morula or more advanced embryo stages . ^^^ Addition of ghrelin to culture media inhibited the development of two cell embryos to the hatched blastocysts , and the inhibitory effects of ghrelin were abolished by an antagonist for the GHS R . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recently , ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for GHS R , was found in the rat stomach , and several studies have suggested that ghrelin acts via the vagal afferent nerve . ^^^ Our results provide direct morphological evidence that GHS R is produced in afferent neurons of the nodose ganglion and suggest that ghrelin signals from the stomach are transmitted to the brain via vagal afferent nerves . . ^^^ Growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) is widely expressed in various regions of the body , such as the brain , pituitary gland , heart and gastrointestinal tract . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a 28 amino acid peptide predominantly produced by the stomach , displays strong GH releasing activity mediated by the GH secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor ( GHS R ) type 1a at the hypothalamus pituitary level . ^^^ Ghrelin and synthetic GHS also possess other GH independent peripheral endocrine and non endocrine activities via the activation of peripheral GHS R subtypes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The peptide hormone ghrelin binds to the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , stimulates GH secretion , and promotes adipogenesis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin mediates these actions in mammals by binding to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ Ghrelin mediates these actions in mammals by binding to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Synthetic growth hormone secretagogues stimulate growth hormone secretion by binding to a specific receptor , growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin also possesses other endocrine and nonendocrine actions reflecting central and peripheral GHS R distribution including the pancreas . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , which was originally isolated from rat stomach . ^^^ Ghrelin and GHS R are also expressed in several peripheral tissues , including adrenal glands , and this prompted us to study ghrelin expression and ghrelin binding site localization in the human adrenal cortex , and the possible effect of this peptide on corticosteroid hormone secretion . ^^^ Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , which was originally isolated from rat stomach . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Three years later a natural ligand for GHS R was identified and was designated ' ghrelin ' . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although reports suggest that gastric function may be modulated by ghrelin acting via the vagus nerve , the gastrointestinal distribution and functions of its receptor , the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , are not clear and may show signs of species dependency . ^^^ This study sought to determine the cellular localisation and distribution of GHS R immunoreactivity ( Ir ) using immunofluorescent histochemistry and explore the function of ghrelin in both human and rat isolated gastric and / or colonic circular muscle preparations in which nerve mediated responses were evoked by electrical field stimulation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The role of ghrelin in feeding control has been addressed from a largely hypothalamic perspective , with little attention directed at ingestive consequences of stimulation of the peptide ' s receptor , the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , in the caudal brainstem . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a newly discovered peptide that binds the receptor for GH secretagogues ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To further investigate the underlying mechanisms , caspase 3 activity assay and mRNA expression of Bax , Bcl 2 , and growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ; the supposed hexarelin binding site ) were examined . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , the recently identified hormone with GH secreting and appetite inducing effects , acts on the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
INTRODUCTION : Ghrelin is the natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) and potently stimulates GH release in humans . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : Ghrelin and types 1a and 1b GHS receptor ( GHS R ) were determined at the mRNA and protein levels by RT PCR , in situ hybridization , immunohistochemistry and enzyme immunoassay in tissues , cell lines and culture medium . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is produced mainly by endocrine cells in the stomach and is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ It affects islet hormone secretion , and expression of ghrelin and GHS R in the pancreas has been reported . ^^^ We examined ghrelin and GHS R in rat islets during development with immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization . ^^^ We also studied the effect of ghrelin on insulin secretion from INS 1 ( 832 / 13 ) cells and the expression of GHS R in these cells . ^^^ Ghrelin dose dependently inhibited glucose stimulated insulin secretion from INS 1 ( 832 / 13 ) cells , and GHS R was detected in the cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , was isolated from the rat stomach and determined to be n octanoylated 28 amino acid peptide . ^^^ Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , was isolated from the rat stomach and determined to be n octanoylated 28 amino acid peptide . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , two subtypes of which have been identified and named GHS R1a and GHS R1b . ^^^ Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , two subtypes of which have been identified and named GHS R1a and GHS R1b . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin and the synthetic growth hormone secretagogues ( GHSs ) activate a G protein coupled receptor ( GHS R ) originally cloned from the pituitary , but which is also expressed in the hypothalamus , in other areas of the brain and in numerous peripheral tissues . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Novel isoxazole carboxamides as growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) antagonists . ^^^ Novel isoxazole carboxamides have been identified as growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) antagonists . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , the endogenous ligand for GHS R , was isolated from rat stomach , although other tissues exist expressing ghrelin , such as pituitary , hypothalamus , placent , ovary , testes , etc . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , an n octanoylated 28 amino acid peptide capable of inducing GH secretion and food intake in humans and rats , is the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ Here we describe the expression and tissue distribution of the ghrelin / GHS R axis in the mouse . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In agreement with this distribution of GHS R , ghrelin and synthetic GHSs exert a wide spectrum of actions , including cardiac and vascular activities . ^^^ This evidence indicates that these actions are not likely to be mediated by a type 1a GHS R , which , by definition , binds acylated ghrelin only . ^^^ Thus , there are similarities , but also differences , between ghrelin and synthetic GHSs , in terms of cardiac actions that are likely to be related to the existence of multiple GHS R subtypes that mediate the cardiovascular actions of the above substances . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a peptide predominantly produced by the stomach , has been discovered as natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) type 1a . ^^^ However , ghrelin exerts several other neuroendocrine , metabolic and also non endocrine actions ( e . g . cardiovascular activities ) that are explained by the widespread distribution of ghrelin and GHS R expression . ^^^ The existence of GHS R subtypes and evidence that neuroendocrine but not all other ghrelin actions are dependent on acylation in serine 3 add further complexity to the system whose major physiological role remains to be definitely clarified . ^^^ Is ghrelin the or a GHS ligand , i . e . are there other natural GHS R ligands . ^^^ Ghrelin , a peptide predominantly produced by the stomach , has been discovered as natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) type 1a . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin was originally identified in 1999 as the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone ( GH ) secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ In this context , our group has recently provided extensive evidence for the expression of ghrelin and its putative receptor , the type 1a GHS R , in rat and human gonads . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a 28 amino acid peptide originally isolated from rat stomach , is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ Ghrelin , a 28 amino acid peptide originally isolated from rat stomach , is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It is a peptide hormone , recently isolated from stomach as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These results indicate that the obese Zucker rat is characterized by an increase in plasma ghrelin concentrations and by an attenuated response to a GHS R agonist . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
One of these hormones , ghrelin , a natural ligand of the orphan receptor GHS R , purified from stomach , is able to stimulate growth hormone release from pituitary cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is thought to act through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ Ghrelin is thought to act through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , is a recently isolated hormone , prevalently expressed in stomach but also in other tissues such as hypothalamus and placenta . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Potent , selective , and orally bioavailable tetralin carboxamide growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) antagonists were discovered . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , an acylated peptide originally identified in rat stomach as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , stimulates both food intake and growth hormone ( GH ) secretion . ^^^ Ghrelin , an acylated peptide originally identified in rat stomach as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , stimulates both food intake and growth hormone ( GH ) secretion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a novel peptide isolated from stomach tissue of rats and humans , has been identified as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ In this study , to gain insight into the role of ghrelin in rat pancreatic islets , we used immunohistochemistry to determine the localization of ghrelin and GHS R in islet cells . ^^^ Moreover , both ghrelin and GHS R like immunoreactivities were detected mostly in the same cells in the periphery of the islets of Langerhans . ^^^ In addition , ghrelin may act on B cells via GHS R to regulate insulin secretion . . ^^^ Ghrelin , a novel peptide isolated from stomach tissue of rats and humans , has been identified as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Genomic organisation of the chicken ghrelin gene and its single nucleotide polymorphisms detected by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography . ( 1 ) Ghrelin is a novel endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) and is expressed primarily in the stomach and hypothalamus with the probable function of stimulating GH secretion and food intake both in mammals and poultry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R 1a ) , is a 28 amino acid peptide with an unusual octanoyl group on Ser 3 , crucial for its biological activity . ^^^ For the first time , ghrelin and GHS R 1b , a truncated variant of the receptor resulting from alternative splicing , but not GHS R 1a , mRNAs were detected in the human erythroleukemic cell line HEL . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent evidence indicates that ghrelin , an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , is highly expressed in the cardiovascular system , and in this study we addressed the possibility that ghrelin may affect angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo . ^^^ Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that human umbilical vein endothelial cells ( HUVECs ) express ghrelin and GHS R mRNAs . ^^^ Ghrelin inhibited FGF 2 induced proliferation of HUVECs cultured in vitro , the maximal effective concentration being 10 ( 8 ) M , and this effect was annulled by the GHS R antagonist D Lys 3 growth hormone releasing peptide 6 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Reverse pharmacology was completed when the cloned GHS R was exploited to identify an endogenous agonist ( ghrelin ) and a partial agonist ( adenosine ) ; ghsr knockout mice studies confirmed that GHS are ghrelin mimetics . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid acylated peptide and is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid acylated peptide and is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BACKGROUND AND AIMS : The gastroprokinetic activities of ghrelin , the natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , prompted us to compare the effect of ghrelin with that of synthetic peptide ( growth hormone releasing peptide 6 ( GHRP 6 ) ) and non peptide ( capromorelin ) GHS R agonists both in vivo and in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using immunohistochemistry , we also demonstrated the colocalization of GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , the cellular receptor for ghrelin , with CCK AR in vagal afferent neurons . ^^^ The efficiency of ghrelin and CCK signal transduction may depend on the balance of their respective plasma concentration and / or on interactions between GHS R and CCK AR . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We measured expression of the leptin receptor ( Ob Rb ) and the ghrelin / growth hormone releasing peptide receptor ( GHS R ) in the arcuate nucleus of sheep held at either high or low levels of adiposity . ^^^ We conclude that lowering body weight leads to increased expression of Ob Rb , ghrelin / GHS R expression and proportion of NPY cells that express Ob Rb in the arcuate nucleus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a 28 amino acid acylated peptide predominantly produced by the stomach , displays strong GH releasing activity mediated by the hypothalamic pituitary GH secretagogues ( GHS ) receptors ( GHS R ) which had been shown specific for a family of synthetic , orally active molecules known as GHS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The structure activity relationship studies on a series of tetralin carboxamide growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) antagonists are discussed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using a reverse pharmacology paradigm with a stable cell line expressing GHS R , we purified an endogenous ligand for GHS R from rat stomach and named it `` ghrelin , ' ' after a word root ( `` ghre ' ' ) in Proto Indo European languages meaning `` grow . ' ' Ghrelin is a peptide hormone in which the third amino acid , usually a serine but in some species a threonine , is modified by a fatty acid ; this modification is essential for ghrelin ' s activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Exogenous administration of ghrelin increases caloric intake and stimulates growth hormone ( GH ) secretion , two effects that are mediated through binding of ghrelin to the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ In addition , ghrelin is thought to inhibit adipogenesis by GHS R independent mechanisms . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , both non acylated and acylated ghrelin are bound by GHS R subtypes at both the pancreatic and the cardiovascular level . ^^^ Notably , some GHS R subtypes are not ghrelin receptors ; cardiovascular receptors specific for peptidyl GHS have been found and it has been shown they mediate some specific actions that are not shared by ghrelin . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a peptide predominantly produced by the stomach , has been discovered as a natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) type 1a . ^^^ Besides , ghrelin exerts other neuroendocrine metabolic and non endocrine actions ( e . g . cardiovascular activities ) that may rely on the widespread distribution of ghrelin and its receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ The existence of several GHS R subtypes and evidences that neuroendocrine and metabolic but not all other ghrelin actions are dependent on acylation on serine 3 add further complexity to the system whose major physiological role remains to be definitely elucidated . ^^^ Ghrelin knockout ( / ) mice are neither anorectic nor dwarf though GHS R / are slightly underweight and do not respond to ghrelin with increased GH secretion or appetite . ^^^ Ghrelin , a peptide predominantly produced by the stomach , has been discovered as a natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) type 1a . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , ghrelin exerts pleiotropic actions that are explained by the widespread distribution of ghrelin and GHS R expression . ^^^ However , GHS R subtypes are likely to exist ; they also bind unacylated ghrelin that is , in fact , the most abundant circulating form and exerts some biological actions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue / ghrelin receptor ( GHS R ) and stimulates feeding behavior and GH levels in rodents and humans . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Evaluation of the effects of ghrelin on GHS R expression and proliferation of human adrenocortical carcinoma ( ACC ) cell lines . ^^^ RESULTS : Ghrelin and GHS R transcripts are expressed in normal adrenal cortex , with GHS R1b mRNA levels being 5 to 10 fold higher than GHS R1amRNA . ^^^ In this regard , ghrelin inhibits cell proliferation and modulates GHS R expression in ACC cells in vitro . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunohistochemical localization of orexin B , orexin 1 receptor , ghrelin , GHS R in the lacrimal gland of normal and diabetic rats . ^^^ The pattern of distribution of orexin B , orexin 1 receptor ( OX1R ) , ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) in the lacrimal gland of normal and diabetic rats has not been reported . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , pituitary receptor mRNA levels for GHRH ( GHRH R ) , ghrelin ( GHS R ) and SRIH ( sst 2 ) were assessed by RT PCR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have examined gene expression of ghrelin and its two receptor splice variants , growth hormone secretagogue receptors ( GHS R ) 1a and 1b , in human bone biopsies and in the human pre osteoblastic SV HFO cell line during differentiation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , the endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) has been previously shown to inhibit gastric acid secretion in pylorus ligated rats . ^^^ The present study aimed : ( 1 ) to characterise the type of GHS R involved in the central gastric inhibitory activity of ghrelin by using des octanoyl ghrelin , and synthetic GHS R ( 1a ) agonist ( EP 1572 ) and antagonist ( D Lys ( 3 ) GHRP 6 ) and ( 2 ) to investigate the relationship between ghrelin and cortistatin ( CST ) in the control of gastric acid secretion by using the natural neuropeptide CST 14 and the synthetic octapeptide CST 8 . ^^^ The specific interactions of all the compounds with GHS R ( 1a ) were determined by comparing their ability to displace labelled ghrelin or somatostatin from its receptors on rat hypothalamic membranes or on rat cardiomyocyte , respectively . ^^^ Preteatment with D Lys ( 3 ) GHRP 6 ( 3 nmol / rat , i . c . v . ) was able to remove the inhibitory action of ghrelin ( 0 . 01 nmol / rat , i . c . v . ) on gastric acid volume and acid output , thus indicating that the type 1a GHS R likely mediates the gastric inhibitory action of ghrelin . ^^^ This is supported by binding data showing that D Lys ( 3 ) GHRP 6 , but not des octanoyl ghrelin , binds to hypothalamic GHS R . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The synthesis and structure activity relationships of the 4 and 6 substituents of 2 , 4 diaminopyrimidine based growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) antagonists are described . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The stomach hormone ghrelin is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ Several reports indicate that repeated or continuous activation of GHS R by exogenous GHSs or ghrelin results in a diminished GH secretory response . ^^^ The present findings show that the orexigenic action of exogenous ghrelin is not diminished by a chronic hyperghrelinemia and indicate that the food ingestive pathway of the GHS R is not susceptible to desensitization . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This review summarizes new developments in our understanding of the physiological roles of ghrelin and its receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ The spiropiperidine , MK 0677 , has been exploited to characterize and expression clone the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we summarize the growing evidence of ghrelin as a significant player in the regulation of inflammation and the immune function and the potential therapeutic targeting of ghrelin or its receptor , the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , in various inflammatory and cachexic disease states . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
One of these compounds led to the discovery of a GPCR type receptor for GHSs ( GHS R ) , and subsequently the endogenous ligand for the receptor has been identified , and is referred to as ghrelin . ^^^ Maximal enhancement of the intracellular Ca ( 2+ ) concentration induced by SM 130686 treatment was approximately 55 % that induced by ghrelin , suggesting that SM 130686 may be a partial GHS R agonist . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although the reported expression of ghrelin receptors ( GHS R ) in corticotrope tumors offers a potential mechanism for ghrelin induced ACTH hypersecretion , studies on the direct effects of synthetic GH secretagogues on corticotropinoma cells offered contradictory results . ^^^ Additionally , expression of GHS R and its ligand ghrelin was examined in these cells and in five additional corticotropinomas . ^^^ Moreover , RT PCR showed that expression of GHS R isoforms is accompanied by that of ghrelin in all seven corticotrope adenomas examined . ^^^ The presence of ghrelin and GHS R suggests that pituitary ghrelin may play an autocrine / paracrine role in regulating ACTH release in Cushing ' s disease . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , an acylated peptide produced predominantly in the stomach , stimulates feeding and GH secretion via interactions with the GH secretagogue type 1a receptor ( GHS R1a ) , the functionally active form of the GHS R . ^^^ Although icv administration of ghrelin did not induce food intake in GHS R deficient mice , it did in orexin deficient mice . ^^^ In contrast , icv administration of des acyl ghrelin stimulated feeding in GHS R deficient mice , but not orexin deficient mice . ^^^ Central des acyl ghrelin may activate orexin expressing neurons , perhaps functioning in feeding regulation through interactions with a target protein distinct from the GHS R . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Originally thought of as a stomach derived endocrine peptide acting via its receptors in the central nervous system to stimulate food intake and growth hormone expression , ghrelin and its receptor ( growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) ) are widely expressed in a number of organ systems , including cancer cells . ^^^ The ligation of GHS R by ghrelin on these cells resulted in an increase in intracellular calcium mobilization , protein kinase C activation , actin polymerization , matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity , and astrocytoma motility . ^^^ In addition , ghrelin led to actin polymerization and membrane ruffling on cells , with the specific co localization of the small GTPase Rac 1 with GHS R on the leading edge of the astrocytoma cells and imparting the tumor cells with a motile phenotype . ^^^ Disruption of the endogenous ghrelin / GHS R pathway by RNA interference resulted in diminished motility , matrix metalloproteinase activity , and Rac expression , whereas tumor cells stably overexpressing GHS R exhibited increased cell motility . ^^^ The relevance of ghrelin and GHS R expression was verified in clinically relevant tissues from 20 patients with oligodendrogliomas and grade 2 4 astrocytomas . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a newly discovered brain gut peptide and an endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogues receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ Ghrelin and GHS R present extensively in central and peripheral tissues such as stomach , brain and other organs of rodent and human , which suggest it has multiple biological effects . ^^^ In this study , we examined the expression of ghrelin , ghrelin mRNA and GHS R mRNA in cerebrum and brainstem by RT PCR and immunofluorescence histochemistry , and analyzed the connection among the cerebral cortex , hypothalamus , dorsal vagal complex ( DVC ) . ^^^ The expression of ghrelin mRNA and GHS R mRNA were also found in the sensorimotor cortex and hypothalamus by method of RT PCR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a gut derived orexigenic hormone , is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ Inhibition of ghrelin actions with ghrelin antibody , peptidyl GHS R antagonists , and antisense oligonucleosides resulted in weight loss and food intake decrease in rodents . ^^^ Ghrelin , a gut derived orexigenic hormone , is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pretreatment of phagocytic leukocytes with a GHS R antagonist , [ D Lys 3 ] GHRP 6 , abolished the stimulatory effects of trout ghrelin and des VRQ trout ghrelin on superoxide production . ^^^ These results suggest that ghrelin stimulates phagocytosis in fish leukocytes through a GHS R dependent pathway , and also that the effect of ghrelin is mediated , at least in part , by GH secreted by leukocytes . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GH release is stimulated by hypothalamic GH releasing hormone ( GHRH ) and ghrelin ( endogenous ligand of the GHS receptor , GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a novel brain gut peptide that stimulates food intake and may secondarily increase body weight via a growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ GHS R mRNA in hypothalamus and ghrelin mRNA in gastric fundus were quantified by RT PCR . ^^^ GHS R expression in hypothalamus and plasma ghrelin levels were significantly increased in freely fed tumor bearing mice , while gastric fundus expression of ghrelin was unaltered compared to non tumor bearing mice ( controls ) . ^^^ Exogenous ghrelin normalized the GHS R expression in hypothalamus from tumor bearing mice without alterations in the gastric fundus expression of ghrelin . ^^^ Our results indicate that MCG 101 bearing mice became ghrelin resistant despite upregulation of hypothalamic GHS R expression , which confirms similar indirect observations in cancer patients . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The discovery and pharmacological evaluation of potent , selective , and orally bioavailable growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) antagonists are reported . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin woas recently de orphaned as an endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , and is implicated as a short term meal initiator and a long term energy balance regulator . ^^^ Inhibiting its actions with GHS R anti sense oligonucleotides , anti ghrelin antibodies , and peptide antagonists leads to decreased food intake and weight loss in rodents . ^^^ Ghrelin woas recently de orphaned as an endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , and is implicated as a short term meal initiator and a long term energy balance regulator . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a nature ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , stimulates a release of growth hormone , prolactin and adrenocorticotropic hormone . ^^^ Ghrelin , a nature ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , stimulates a release of growth hormone , prolactin and adrenocorticotropic hormone . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) RNA is known to be expressed in the hypothalamus and pituitary . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin and growth hormone ( GH ) secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) mRNA expression in human pituitary adenomas . ^^^ Recently , ghrelin , an endogenous ligand specific for GHSR , was isolated . ^^^ We also examined the relationship between the levels of ghrelin or GHSR mRNA and hormonal and tumour characteristics in patients with pituitary adenomas . ^^^ METHODS : The expression levels of human ghrelin mRNA and GHSR mRNA were quantified using a competitive RT PCR method . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : Ghrelin mRNA , in addition to GHSR mRNA , is expressed in various types of pituitary adenoma with different levels of expression in each type . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) is expressed in several tissues and seems to mediate the different actions of the synthetic growth hormone secretagogues ( GHS ) and the endogenous ligand of this receptor , ghrelin . ^^^ This review will summarize data regarding the structure of the GHS R gene , reports investigating the expression , control and functions of the GHS R in various tissues , and studies of the underlying transcriptional mechanisms and the genetic manipulation of both ghrelin and GHS R . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Subsequently , ghrelin turned out to exert pleiotropic actions , consistent with the widespread distribution of ghrelin and GHS R expression in central and peripheral tissues . ^^^ Despite that the binding to GHS R1a requires ghrelin to be acylated in serine 3 , some ghrelin actions are independent of such acylation ; thus suggesting the possibility of the existence of other GHS R subtypes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , the recently discovered endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) , is widely expressed and involved in regulating diverse physiological functions in addition to stimulation of growth hormone ( GH ) secretion . ^^^ Previous studies have demonstrated the functional significance of the ghrelin / GHSR system , yet the transcriptional regulation of the ghrelin and GHSR genes are poorly understood . ^^^ Ghrelin , the recently discovered endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) , is widely expressed and involved in regulating diverse physiological functions in addition to stimulation of growth hormone ( GH ) secretion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin endocrine activities are entirely dependent on its acylation and are mediated by GH secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor ( GHSR ) 1a , a G protein coupled receptor mostly expressed in the pituitary and hypothalamus , previously identified as the receptor for a group of synthetic molecules featuring GH secretagogue ( GHS ) activity . ^^^ Des acyl ghrelin , which is far more abundant than ghrelin , does not bind GHSR 1a , is devoid of any endocrine activity , and its function is currently unknown . ^^^ In addition , ghrelin and des acyl ghrelin recognize common high affinity binding sites on H9c2 cardiomyocytes , which do not express GHSR 1a . ^^^ These findings provide the first evidence that , independent of its acylation , ghrelin gene product may act as a survival factor directly on the cardiovascular system through binding to a novel , yet to be identified receptor , which is distinct from GHSR 1a . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : Ghrelin and its receptor , growth hormone secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor ( GHSR ) , are expressed in the normal pituitary gland and various types of pituitary adenoma . ^^^ We analysed the relationship between ghrelin mRNA and GHSR mRNA expression levels in gsp mutation positive and negative GH producing pituitary adenomas . ^^^ METHODS : The expression levels of human ghrelin mRNA and GHSR mRNA were quantified using a competitive RT PCR method . ^^^ There was a significant negative correlation between the levels of ghrelin mRNA and GHSR mRNA expression in mutation negative adenomas ; no such correlation was found in mutation positive adenomas . ^^^ CONCLUSION : These results suggest that GHSR mRNA expression is downregulated by ghrelin in gsp mutation negative GH producing pituitary adenomas , and that changes in intracellular signalling pathways in gsp mutation positive GH producing pituitary adenomas affect the expression of G protein coupled receptors such as GHSR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The type 1A GH secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor ( GHSR ) has been proposed to mediate the effects of ghrelin on GH release , food intake , and body composition . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Secretion of GH is stimulated by GH releasing hormone ( GHRH ) and ghrelin ( acting via the GH secretagogue [ GHS ] receptor [ GHSR ] ) , and inhibited by somatostatin ( SRIF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two cDNA transcripts , namely sbGHSR 1a and sbGHSR 1b , for growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) , were identified from the seabream pituitary . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The effects of in ovo rhIGF 1 administration on expression of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) during chicken embryonic development . ^^^ The growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) and its endogenous ligand represent a novel third method regulating the release of growth hormone . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have recently cloned the full length cDNAs of the two growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) subtypes from a teleost species , the black seabream ( Acanthopagrus schlegeli ) [ Mol . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a gut brain peptide and its endocrine activities are mediated by GH secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) 1a . ^^^ Des acyl ghrelin does not activate GHSR 1a and is devoid of endocrine activities . ^^^ While the microinjection of ghrelin into rat nucleus tractus solitarii ( NTS ) elicited hypotensive effects , this was not the case upon injection into GHSR expressing rostral ventrolateral medulla or caudal ventrolateral medulla . ^^^ These results suggest that des acyl ghrelin contribute to the regulation of cardiovascular control and that a receptor other than GHSR 1a exists in NTS . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A total of 283 SNP were discovered in 31 897 base pairs ( bp ) from 12 genes of the growth hormone ( GH ) , growth hormone receptor ( GHR ) , ghrelin , growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) , insulin like growth factor 1 and 2 ( IGF 1 and 2 ) , insulin like growth factor binding protein 2 ( IGFBP 2 ) , insulin , leptin receptor ( LEPR ) , pituitary specific transcription factor 1 ( PIT 1 ) , somatostatin ( SS ) , thyroid stimulating hormone beta subunit ( TSH beta ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin and its functional receptor , the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) type 1a , were expressed in normal breast tissue and breast cancer specimens and cell lines . ^^^ Ghrelin and its functional receptor , the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) type 1a , were expressed in normal breast tissue and breast cancer specimens and cell lines . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , male mice with deletions of ghrelin ( Ghrl / mice ) or GHSR ( Ghsr / mice ) display normal growth and regulation of food intake . ^^^ This commentary highlights 3 key issues raised by these 2 reports : ( a ) the impact of ghrelin on the development of metabolic systems ; ( b ) the constitutive activity of GHSR ; and ( c ) gender differences in the sensitivity to deletion of the ghrelin signaling system . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although pharmacological studies have demonstrated that its endogenous ligand ghrelin stimulates , through the GHSR , GH secretion and appetite , the physiological importance of the GHSR dependent pathways remains an open question that gives rise to much controversy . ^^^ This mutation , which results in decreased cell surface expression of the receptor , selectively impairs the constitutive activity of the GHSR , while preserving its ability to respond to ghrelin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) in the GHRH , GHRHR , GHRL , GHSR , SST and SSTR 2 gene regions in a Polish and a German cohort of 798 breast cancer cases and 1011 controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin binds to growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) . ^^^ GHSR density has been shown to be upregulated in atherosclerotic lesions , but the relationship between ghrelin concentration and atherosclerosis has not yet been studied . ^^^ Ghrelin binds to growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent studies have indicated that ghrelin stimulates growth hormone release from the pituitary via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) . ^^^ Reminiscent of the homologous upregulation found in the transcriptional control of the seabream GHSR gene , a similar homologous regulatory mechanism might also exist in controlling the expression of seabream ghrelin . ^^^ The identification of both GHSR and ghrelin from a single fish species would facilitate our subsequent studies on the elucidation of the physiological functions of the ghrelin / GHSR system in teleost . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q92847 and Q9UBU3	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) binding to porcine anterior pituitary and hypothalamic membranes . ^^^ The synthetic hexapeptide , His D Trp Ala Trp D Phe Lys NH 2 ( GHRP , Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide ) , has no structural similarities with any of the GH releasing peptides known and its action in releasing GH is by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as hypothalamus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) also interacted with the low affinity GRF binding site . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Since the growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) , His D Trp Ala Trp D Phe Lys NH 2 , was found to specifically release growth hormone by a complementary but yet not clearly defined action on the pituitary as well as the hypothalamus , in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate and characterized GHRP binding sites on peripheral membranes of both the rat anterior pituitary and hypothalamus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The substance P ( SP ) / bombesin ( Bn ) antagonists [ DArg1DTrp7 , 9Leu11 ] SP ( P 7482 ) , [ DArg 1 DPro2DTrp7 , 9Leu11 ] SP ( P 7483 ) , [ DArg1DPhe5DTrp7 , 9Leu11 ] SP ( P 7492 ) , and the growth hormone releasing hormone ( GHRH ) antagonist [ DArg2Ala8 , 9 , 15 ] GHRH ( 1 29 ) ( DC 21 366 ) were tested for their in vitro effects on the release of growth hormone ( GH ) in the presence of GHRH and growth hormone releasing peptide , HisDTrpAlaTrpDPheLysNH 2 ( GHRP ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two carrier free electrophoretic separation methods , capillary zone electrophoresis ( CZE ) and continuous free flow zone electrophoresis ( FFZE ) , have been applied to both microanalysis at the nanogram level and preparative fractionation , with a throughput of 30 mg / h , of synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Stimulation of endogenous secretion of GH e . g . by oral administration of growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) may help in future to eliminate these adverse aspects . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP 6 ) stimulates growth hormone ( GH ) release in animals and man . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A hybrid analogue , H His D Arg Ala Trp D Phe Lys NH 2 , was designed based upon the primary structures of a growth hormone releasing peptide analogue , [ His 1 , Lys 6 ] GHRP , and the MSH fragment , Ac alpha MSH ( 6 11 ) NH 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Effects in vitro of new growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP 1 ) on growth hormone secretion from ovine pituitary cells in primary culture . ^^^ Continuous perifusion of pituitary cells was used to study the effects of a newly synthesized GHRP ( GHRP 1 or KP 101 ) on growth hormone ( GH ) secretion from ovine pituitary cells and these have been compared to effects of growth hormone releasing factor ( GRF ) and the original growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP 6 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The transient dynamic swelling and dissolution behavior during the release of a growth hormone releasing peptide , [ D Trp 2 D Phe 5 ] GHRP , from erodible , non cross linked poly ( methyl methacrylate co methacrylic acid ) ( PMMA / MAA ) beads has been investigated at pH 7 . 4 as a function of buffer concentration . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Radiolabeled mannitol ( Man ; MW 182 ) and growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP , SK & F 110679 ; MW 873 ) were employed to measure transport rates across the epithelium , and fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to measure rates of lucifer yellow ( LY ; MW 521 ) transport . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : Hexarelin is a recently synthesized small growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) ( His D 2 methyl Trp Ala Trp D Phe Lys NH 2 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP , sequence His D Trp Ala Trp D Phe Lys NH 2 ) is a synthetic hexapeptide under consideration for transdermal iontophoretic drug delivery . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The GH axis may be stimulated by either GHRH or by growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) and related compounds . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) 2 is a synthetic six amino acid peptide that is a potent GH secretagogue . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVES : Hexarelin ( HEX ) is a synthetic hexapeptide belonging to the growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) family . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Identification of a pituitary growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) receptor subtype by photoaffinity labeling . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Hexarelin ( HEX ) is a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) which acts via specific receptors at both the pituitary and the hypothalamic level to stimulate GH release both in animals and in man . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Hexarelin ( HEX ) is a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) which acts on specific receptors at both the pituitary and the hypothalamic level to stimulate GH release in an age dependent manner . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) 2 specifically stimulates GH release in man . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As an outcome of a major chemistry programme , ipamorelin was identified within a series of compounds lacking the central dipeptide Ala Trp of growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chimeric peptides consisting of growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP 6 ) linked to somatostatin ( 6 11 ) via an amide bond to provide the effector parts of both the peptides were synthesized . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Hexarelin , a synthetic hexapeptide of the growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) family with strong growth hormone ( GH ) releasing activity , features protecting activity against postischemic ventricular dysfunction in hearts from GH deficient and senescent rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Previously , we demonstrated that systemic injection of the growth hormone secretagogue , growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) 6 , selectively activated cells in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus , as reflected by increased electrical activity and induction of the immediate early gene c fos . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The effects of a 6 day intracerebroventricular ( i . c . v . ) infusion of KP 102 , a growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) , on food intake and body weight gain were observed in free feeding rats that were or were not subjected to intermittent electric footshock stress during the 6 days . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chronic central infusion of insulin or leptin during a 48 h fast suppressed the threefold increase in the Fos response to intravenous injection of a maximally effective dose of growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) 6 , a synthetic growth hormone secretagogue . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) 6 , a synthetic ligand for the ghrelin receptor , increased IGF 1 mRNA levels , decreased cell death and inhibited caspase 3 and 9 activation in the cerebellum of aged rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : The mammalian heart contains specific growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) binding sites whose physiological significance is unknown . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The peptide GHS employed included growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) 2 , ipamorelin , and human ghrelin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
KP 102 ( GHRP 2 : pralmorelin ) is a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide ( GHRP ) that powerfully stimulates the release of GH by acting ( i . v . ) at both hypothalamic and pituitary sites . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BACKGROUND AND AIMS : The gastroprokinetic activities of ghrelin , the natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , prompted us to compare the effect of ghrelin with that of synthetic peptide ( growth hormone releasing peptide 6 ( GHRP 6 ) ) and non peptide ( capromorelin ) GHS R agonists both in vivo and in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We compared the gastroprokinetic effects of ghrelin , the ghrelin receptor agonist , growth hormone releasing peptide 6 ( GHRP 6 ) , and motilin in rats in vivo and in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , synthetic growth hormone secretagogues have also been shown to regulate growth hormone release through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , suggesting the existence of an additional physiological regulator for growth hormone release . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The recent cloning of a growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) from human pituitary gland and brain identified a third G protein coupled receptor ( GPC R ) involved in the control of growth hormone release . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recently , the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) cDNA has been isolated from the pituitary and hypothalamus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Growth hormone releasing hormone receptor ( GHRH R ) and growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) mRNA levels during postnatal development in male and female rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A specific growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) has been isolated , its endogenous ligand is still unknown . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We examined the expression of functional growth hormone secretagogue receptors ( GHS R ) in a series of 30 human pituitary adenomas six secreting GH , three GH PRL , six prolactin ( PRL ) , five adrenocorticotrophic hormone ( ACTH ) , one thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH ) , four gonadotroph and five non secreting adenomas . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study we investigated whether expression of pituitary GH , GHRH receptors ( GHRH R ) , growth hormone secretagogue receptors ( GHS R ) and liver IGF 1 is altered in this model of GHRH deficiency . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a peptide purified from the stomach , is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) and potently stimulates growth hormone release from the pituitary . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) RNA is known to be expressed in the hypothalamus and pituitary . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) is involved in the regulation of pulsatile GH release . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a novel 28 amino acid peptide found in hypothalamus and stomach , was recently identified as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , was originally purified from the rat stomach . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Distribution and development of growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) mRNA expression in rat brain and pituitary gland were examined using ribonuclease protection assay . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , was originally purified from the rat stomach . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is the recently identified endogenous ligand for the cloned growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , was originally purified from the rat stomach . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin was identified in the stomach as an endogenous ligand specific for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin was recently isolated from the rat stomach as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) and is known to exist in the gastrointestinal tract and hypothalamus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a novel growth hormone ( GH ) releasing peptide , was recently isolated from the rat stomach as an endogenous ligand to growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This study has examined the expression of two new facets of the growth hormone axis , the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) and its recently identified putative natural ligand ghrelin , in prostate cancer cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) that potently stimulates growth hormone ( GH ) release . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) that potently stimulates growth hormone ( GH ) release . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVES : Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , was recently identified in the stomach . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Comparison of vasodilators in human internal mammary artery : ghrelin is a potent physiological antagonist of endothelin 1 . 1 The potential vasodilator function of the peptide ghrelin , recently identified as the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue orphan receptor ( GHS R ) , was investigated in human endothelium denuded internal mammary artery . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : Ghrelin was recently identified as a specific endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a novel 28 amino acid peptide with an n octanoyl modification at Ser ( 3 ) , was isolated from rat stomach and found to be an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Synthetic growth hormone secretagogues ( GHS ) stimulate growth hormone release through binding to a recently cloned specific growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin binding sites were investigated using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to detect its growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) mRNA and an in situ binding localization procedure . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , which has been originally isolated from rat stomach . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , the pattern of expression and hormonal regulation of the gene encoding its cognate receptor ( i . e . , the growth hormone secretagogue receptor [ GHS R ] ) in the male gonad remains to be fully elucidated . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The structural relationship between the motilin and the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , and between their respective ligands , motilin and ghrelin , prompted us to investigate whether ghrelin and the GHS R agonist growth hormone releasing peptide 6 ( GHRP 6 ) , could interact with the motilin receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin was isolated from the rat stomach as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) and has been found in the gastrointestinal tract of many vertebrates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The actions of ghrelin are mediated via the naturally occurring ghrelin receptor , also known as the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) is widely expressed in various regions of the body , such as the brain , pituitary gland , heart and gastrointestinal tract . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BACKGROUND AND AIMS : Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , is an appetite stimulatory signal from the stomach with structural resemblance to motilin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
V . injected ghrelin were blocked by growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) antagonist given by the same route and also blocked by immunoneutralization of neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) in the brain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Research on the mechanism for growth hormone secretagogue ( GHS ) induction of growth hormone secretion led to the discovery of the GHS receptor ( GHS R ) and later to ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for GHS R . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , which was originally isolated from rat stomach . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although reports suggest that gastric function may be modulated by ghrelin acting via the vagus nerve , the gastrointestinal distribution and functions of its receptor , the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , are not clear and may show signs of species dependency . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The role of ghrelin in feeding control has been addressed from a largely hypothalamic perspective , with little attention directed at ingestive consequences of stimulation of the peptide ' s receptor , the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , in the caudal brainstem . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin mediates these actions in mammals by binding to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Synthetic growth hormone secretagogues stimulate growth hormone secretion by binding to a specific receptor , growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a newly identified endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( i . e . , ghrelin receptor ) , was recently demonstrated to be a potent vasoactive peptide in addition to its effects on growth hormone release and energy homeostasis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To further investigate the underlying mechanisms , caspase 3 activity assay and mRNA expression of Bax , Bcl 2 , and growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ; the supposed hexarelin binding site ) were examined . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : Ghrelin and its receptor , growth hormone secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor ( GHSR ) , are expressed in the normal pituitary gland and various types of pituitary adenoma . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
INTRODUCTION : Ghrelin is the natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) and potently stimulates GH release in humans . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is produced mainly by endocrine cells in the stomach and is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two cDNA transcripts , namely sbGHSR 1a and sbGHSR 1b , for growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) , were identified from the seabream pituitary . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Synthetic agonists of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) rejuvenate the pulsatile pattern of GH release in the elderly , and increase lean but not fat mass in obese subjects . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Sequencing analysis of the ghrelin receptor ( growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a ) gene . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a newly identified endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a ( GHSR 1a , i . e . , ghrelin receptor ) , was recently demonstrated to be a potent vasoactive peptide . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , was isolated from the rat stomach and determined to be n octanoylated 28 amino acid peptide . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , the recently discovered endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) , is widely expressed and involved in regulating diverse physiological functions in addition to stimulation of growth hormone ( GH ) secretion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The effects of in ovo rhIGF 1 administration on expression of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) during chicken embryonic development . ^^^ The growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) and its endogenous ligand represent a novel third method regulating the release of growth hormone . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , two subtypes of which have been identified and named GHS R1a and GHS R1b . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Novel isoxazole carboxamides as growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) antagonists . ^^^ Novel isoxazole carboxamides have been identified as growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) antagonists . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This effect could be mediated via the level of expression of ghrelin receptor ( growth hormone secretagogue receptor [ GHS R ] ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a peptide predominantly produced by the stomach , has been discovered as natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) type 1a . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a 28 amino acid peptide originally isolated from rat stomach , is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It is a peptide hormone , recently isolated from stomach as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have recently cloned the full length cDNAs of the two growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) subtypes from a teleost species , the black seabream ( Acanthopagrus schlegeli ) [ Mol . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is thought to act through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent evidence indicates that ghrelin , an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , is highly expressed in the cardiovascular system , and in this study we addressed the possibility that ghrelin may affect angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a , the functional ghrelin receptor , in human ovarian surface epithelium , mullerian duct derivatives , and ovarian tumors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Potent , selective , and orally bioavailable tetralin carboxamide growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) antagonists were discovered . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Genetic linkage and association of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( ghrelin receptor ) gene in human obesity . ^^^ The growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) ( ghrelin receptor ) plays an important role in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , an acylated peptide originally identified in rat stomach as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , stimulates both food intake and growth hormone ( GH ) secretion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a novel peptide isolated from stomach tissue of rats and humans , has been identified as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Genomic organisation of the chicken ghrelin gene and its single nucleotide polymorphisms detected by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography . ( 1 ) Ghrelin is a novel endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) and is expressed primarily in the stomach and hypothalamus with the probable function of stimulating GH secretion and food intake both in mammals and poultry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Insulin like growth factor 1 down regulates ghrelin receptor ( growth hormone secretagogue receptor ) expression in the rat pituitary . ^^^ The effects of insulin like growth factor 1 ( IGF 1 ) on the ghrelin receptor [ growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) ] gene expression and on the GH response to GHS in rat pituitary cell cultures were examined . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The structure activity relationship studies on a series of tetralin carboxamide growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) antagonists are discussed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid acylated peptide and is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A total of 283 SNP were discovered in 31 897 base pairs ( bp ) from 12 genes of the growth hormone ( GH ) , growth hormone receptor ( GHR ) , ghrelin , growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) , insulin like growth factor 1 and 2 ( IGF 1 and 2 ) , insulin like growth factor binding protein 2 ( IGFBP 2 ) , insulin , leptin receptor ( LEPR ) , pituitary specific transcription factor 1 ( PIT 1 ) , somatostatin ( SS ) , thyroid stimulating hormone beta subunit ( TSH beta ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide identified in the stomach as an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) that strongly stimulates the release of growth hormone at the hypothalamus and pituitary level . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The pattern of distribution of orexin B , orexin 1 receptor ( OX1R ) , ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) in the lacrimal gland of normal and diabetic rats has not been reported . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) with potent stimulatory effects on food intake . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The ghrelin receptor ( growth hormone secretagogue receptor ) is a member of G protein coupled seven transmembrane domain receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a peptide predominantly produced by the stomach , has been discovered as a natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) type 1a . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The stomach hormone ghrelin is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The spiropiperidine , MK 0677 , has been exploited to characterize and expression clone the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we summarize the growing evidence of ghrelin as a significant player in the regulation of inflammation and the immune function and the potential therapeutic targeting of ghrelin or its receptor , the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , in various inflammatory and cachexic disease states . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of the gene encoding the receptor for ghrelin ( growth hormone secretagogue receptor , GHS R ) and a variant form was detected in a variety of tissues collected from 3 week old male broiler chickens possibly suggesting autocrine / paracrine effects . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a hormone that stimulates growth hormone secretion and signals energy insufficiency via interaction with its receptor , the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin and its functional receptor , the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) type 1a , were expressed in normal breast tissue and breast cancer specimens and cell lines . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ; ghrelin receptor ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have examined gene expression of ghrelin and its two receptor splice variants , growth hormone secretagogue receptors ( GHS R ) 1a and 1b , in human bone biopsies and in the human pre osteoblastic SV HFO cell line during differentiation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
With the use of RT PCR , transcripts corresponding to both functional [ growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) 1a ] and truncated forms ( GHS R1b ) of the ghrelin receptor were detected in rat nodose ganglia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The synthesis and structure activity relationships of the 4 and 6 substituents of 2 , 4 diaminopyrimidine based growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) antagonists are described . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Originally thought of as a stomach derived endocrine peptide acting via its receptors in the central nervous system to stimulate food intake and growth hormone expression , ghrelin and its receptor ( growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) ) are widely expressed in a number of organ systems , including cancer cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a gut derived orexigenic hormone , is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent studies have indicated that ghrelin stimulates growth hormone release from the pituitary via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a novel brain gut peptide that stimulates food intake and may secondarily increase body weight via a growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , cyclic fluctuations in mRNA levels of growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) 1a , i . e . the functional ghrelin receptor , were observed in the pituitary , with low values at estrus and metestrus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) is expressed in several tissues and seems to mediate the different actions of the synthetic growth hormone secretagogues ( GHS ) and the endogenous ligand of this receptor , ghrelin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin binds to growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The discovery and pharmacological evaluation of potent , selective , and orally bioavailable growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) antagonists are reported . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin woas recently de orphaned as an endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , and is implicated as a short term meal initiator and a long term energy balance regulator . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a nature ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , stimulates a release of growth hormone , prolactin and adrenocorticotropic hormone . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A reduced availability of TRH , one of the endogenous ligands of the GH releasing peptide ( GHRP ) receptor ( such as the recently discovered ghrelin ) and , in very long stay critically ill men , also of GHRH , appear to be involved . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
An endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) has been recently purified from rat and human stomach and named Ghrelin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Messenger RNAs of ghrelin and GHS R also were found in these organs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor gene is also expressed in the rat kidney . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We also examined ghrelin receptor [ GH secretagogues receptor ( GHS R ) ] gene expression in the aortas , the left ventricles , and the left atria of rats by RT PCR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The acute 4 bolus GH responses of these subjects to the two peptides alone and together suggest that the decreased GH secretion may be primarily due to a deficiency of the natural endogenous GHRP , ghrelin , rather than a decreased secretion of endogenous GHRH or excess secretion of SRIF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Hormonal regulation of the human ghrelin receptor gene transcription . ^^^ The aim of this study is to clarify the hormonal regulation of the human ghrelin receptor gene expression in GH ( 3 ) cells transfected with our previously cloned 5 ' flanking region inserted into a luciferase reporter vector . ^^^ Phorbor 12 tetradecanoate 13 acetate ( TPA ) with simultaneous addition of Bay K 8644 mimicking ghrelin action caused a significant inhibition of the luciferase activity through the ghrelin receptor gene upstream proximal to 669 but not to 608 base pairs ( bp ) . ^^^ Glucocorticoid caused a weak but significant inhibition of the luciferase activity through the ghrelin receptor gene upstream proximal to 531 but not to 475 bp . ^^^ These results suggest that both TPA / Bay K 8644 and glucocorticoid downregulate human ghrelin receptor gene expression through the transcriptional mechanism involving some nuclear factors . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin and growth hormone ( GH ) secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) mRNA expression in human pituitary adenomas . ^^^ Recently , ghrelin , an endogenous ligand specific for GHSR , was isolated . ^^^ We also examined the relationship between the levels of ghrelin or GHSR mRNA and hormonal and tumour characteristics in patients with pituitary adenomas . ^^^ METHODS : The expression levels of human ghrelin mRNA and GHSR mRNA were quantified using a competitive RT PCR method . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : Ghrelin mRNA , in addition to GHSR mRNA , is expressed in various types of pituitary adenoma with different levels of expression in each type . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A large quantity of information based on clinical trials and experimental studies with ghrelin and previously available synthetic ghrelin receptor agonists ( GH secretagogues ) must now be integrated with a rapidly increasing amount of data on the central regulation of metabolism and appetite . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a 28 amino acid gastric hormone is a natural ligand of the GH Secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor ( GHS R ) and strongly stimulates GH secretion though , like synthetic GHS , it shows other endocrine and non endocrine activities . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Future studies are necessary to investigate putative mechanisms of ghrelin resistance such as a possible impairment of intracellular ghrelin receptor signaling in pathophysiological states presenting with cachexia . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Because such adiposity was thought to be mediated by hypothalamic NPY neurons , we investigated by which mechanism a synthetic ghrelin receptor agonist , GHRP 2 , would generate a positive energy balance in NPY deficient [ Npy ( / ) mice ] and wild type controls . ^^^ In conclusion , chronic peripheral treatment with a ghrelin receptor agonist induced a positive energy balance leading to fat gain in the absence of NPY . ^^^ Ghrelin receptor agonists offer a treatment option for syndromes like anorexia nervosa , cancer cachexia , or AIDS wasting . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , testicular expression of the gene encoding the cognate ghrelin receptor was observed from the infantile period to adulthood , with the GHS R mRNA being persistently expressed after selective withdrawal of mature Leydig cells . ^^^ Ghrelin , the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , is a recently cloned peptide , primarily expressed in the stomach and hypothalamus , that acts at central levels to elicit GH release and , notably , to regulate food intake . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid residue peptide identified in both human and rat stomach and which acts as an endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) and stimulates GH release . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The aim of the present study was 2 fold : 1 ) to determine , by immunohistochemistry and mRNA analysis , whether pancreatic islet cells produce ghrelin and express GHS R ; and 2 ) to investigate ghrelin and GHS R expression in pancreatic endocrine tumors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : Ghrelin , a 28 amino acid peptide purified from the stomach and showing a unique structure with an n octanoyl ester at the serine 3 residue , is a natural ligand of the GH secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : Ghrelin , a natural GHS R ligand , exerts a strong stimulatory effect on GH secretion in humans and this effect is only blunted by an exogenous somatostatin dose which almost abolishes the GH response to GHRH . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for GHS R , has recently been purified from rat stomach . ^^^ Although ghrelin is also expressed in the hypothalamus , the physiological significance of the ghrelin / GHS R system is still unknown . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The tissue distribution of the mRNA of ghrelin and subtypes of its receptor , GHS R , in humans . ^^^ The distribution of ghrelin , its functional receptor ( type 1a ) and the unspliced , non functional GHS R type 1b mRNA expression was investigated in various human tissues using classical and real time reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction . ^^^ These data suggest that ghrelin might have widespread physiological effects via different , partly unidentified , subtypes of the GHS R in endocrine and non endocrine tissues . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor density was increased ( approximately three to fourfold ) with atherosclerosis of coronary artery disease and accelerated atherosclerosis of saphenous vein grafts , compared with normal vessels , highlighting a potentially beneficial role for this novel vasodilator peptide in human vascular disease . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : Ghrelin , a 28 amino acid acylated peptide , is a natural ligand of the GH secretagogues ( GHS ) receptor ( GHS R ) , which is specific for synthetic GHS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : Ghrelin , a 28 amino acid peptide purified from the stomach and showing a unique structure with an n octanoyl ester in serine 3 residue , is a natural ligand of the GH secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor ( GHS R ) and strongly stimulates GH secretion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , an endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor 1a ( GHS R ( 1a ) ) , was originally purified from the rat stomach . ^^^ Taken together , the primary action of ghrelin on appetite control and GH releasing activity is via the ARC even though it might act on another type of GHS R besides GHS R ( 1a ) . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A reduced availability of thyrotropin ( TSH ) releasing hormone ( TRH ) , gonadotropin ( LH ) releasing hormone ( GnRH ) , the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone ( GH ) releasing peptide ( GHRP ) receptor ( ghrelin ) and , in very long stay critically ill men also of GH releasing hormone ( GHRH ) , inferrentially appears involved . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The natural ligand for the GHS R has been identified recently ; it is called ghrelin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a novel 28 amino acid peptide recently isolated from human and rat stomach , and it is thought to be the endogenous ligand for GHS R . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The presence of the ghrelin receptor in vagal afferent neurons was assessed by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization histochemistry . ^^^ A binding study on the vagus nerve by ( 125 ) 1 ghrelin was performed to determine the transport of the ghrelin receptor from vagus afferent neurons to the periphery . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin possesses endocrine and non endocrine actions mediated by the GH Secretagogue ( GHS ) Receptors ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Discovery of GH secretagogues ( GHSs ) , a series of peptydil and non peptydil synthetic molecules endowed with a strong GH releasing activity , the cloning of a GHS receptor ( GHS R ) , present in the hypothalamus and the pituitary , the isolation of the endogenous ligand of GHS R , ghrelin , a 28 amino acid peptide whose main source is the stomach , pose the issue for the physiologic role of the GHS / ghrelin system and forces revision of our current understanding of GH regulation in different GH deficiency ( GHD ) states , including aging . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study , the effect of i . c . v . injection of different ghrelins including chicken and bullfrog ghrelin , and synthetic GH releasing peptide ( GHRP ) on feeding of neonatal chicks was investigated . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The aims of this study were to evaluate the expression and homologous regulation of the GHS receptor ( GHS R ) gene in rat adrenal and to assess the effects of synthetic ( GH releasing peptide 6 GHRP 6 ) and natural ( ghrelin ) ligands of GHS R upon basal and ACTH stimulated corticosterone secretion in vitro . ^^^ DESIGN AND METHODS : Analysis of adrenal expression of target mRNAs ( GHS R , GHS R1a , ghrelin , and several steroidogenic factors ) was conducted by means of primer specific , semi quantitative RT PCR . ^^^ RESULTS : RT PCR analysis demonstrated expression of the GHS R gene , but not of the gene encoding the cognate ligand ghrelin , in rat adrenal . ^^^ The adrenal expression of the GHS R message appeared under the regulation of homologous signals in vitro , as short term incubation of adrenal samples in serum free medium induced a significant increase in GHS R mRNA levels that was inhibited by exposure to different doses of GHRP 6 ( 10 ( 9 ) 10 ( 5 ) mol / l ) or ghrelin ( 10 ( 7 ) mol / l ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , the hyperphagia was partially reversed by the administration of a ghrelin receptor antagonist . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , the potent releasing activity of EAA agonists NMDA and AMPA was blunted by pretreatment with D Lys 3 GHRP 6 , a selective antagonist of the cognate ghrelin receptor , i . e . the GH secretagogue receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin displays strong growth hormone ( GH ) releasing action mediated by the activation of the so called GH secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor ( GHS R ) type 1a . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A novel peptide Ghrelin , found to be a ligand to growth hormone ( GH ) secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , exeterts to stimulates GH release from pituitary gland . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , RT PCR analysis showed that a ghrelin receptor was present in the mammary glands of lactating rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin endocrine activities are entirely dependent on its acylation and are mediated by GH secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor ( GHSR ) 1a , a G protein coupled receptor mostly expressed in the pituitary and hypothalamus , previously identified as the receptor for a group of synthetic molecules featuring GH secretagogue ( GHS ) activity . ^^^ Des acyl ghrelin , which is far more abundant than ghrelin , does not bind GHSR 1a , is devoid of any endocrine activity , and its function is currently unknown . ^^^ In addition , ghrelin and des acyl ghrelin recognize common high affinity binding sites on H9c2 cardiomyocytes , which do not express GHSR 1a . ^^^ These findings provide the first evidence that , independent of its acylation , ghrelin gene product may act as a survival factor directly on the cardiovascular system through binding to a novel , yet to be identified receptor , which is distinct from GHSR 1a . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a natural ligand of the GH secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor ( GHS R ) and possesses a potent GH releasing activity for which the acylation in serine 3 is essential . ^^^ Ghrelin also possesses other endocrine and non endocrine activities reflecting central and peripheral GHS R distribution and stimulates PRL , ACTH and cortisol secretion , has been reported able to induce hyperglycaemia and to decrease insulin levels and has orexigenic activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a novel 28 amino acid peptide identified as the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ In this study , we have assessed the presence and cellular location of ghrelin and its functional receptor , namely the type 1a GHS R , in the cyclic human ovary by means of immunohistochemistry using specific polyclonal antibodies . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent research progress indicates a close link between ghrelin , a natural ligand of GH secretagogues receptor ( GHS R ) , and both the metabolic balance and body composition . ^^^ To clarify the involvement of ghrelin and GHS R in the process of adipogenesis , we measured the expression of GHS R and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma 2 ( PPAR gamma 2 ) mRNA in rat adipocytes using semiquantitative RT PCR methods . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Critical peptidyl effectors are GH releasing hormone ( GHRH ) , GH releasing peptide ( GHRP , ghrelin ) , and somatostatin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a 28 amino acid peptide predominantly produced by the stomach , displays strong GH releasing activity mediated by the GH secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor ( GHS R ) type 1a at the hypothalamus pituitary level . ^^^ Ghrelin and synthetic GHS also possess other GH independent peripheral endocrine and non endocrine activities via the activation of peripheral GHS R subtypes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , in addition to its GH releasing action , has orexigenic and adipogenic properties . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a novel growth hormone ( GH ) releasing peptide , isolated from the stomach , which has been identified as an endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogues receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Our aim was to ascertain whether ghrelin , an endogenous ligand of the GHS R , is physiologically endowed with cardioprotective activity . ^^^ We conclude that : 1 ) ghrelin plays a minor role in the control of heart function ; and 2 ) hexarelin effects are mediated in part by the GHS R and largely by interactions with the CD36 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we investigated the expression of ghrelin and its receptor ( GHS R ) in mouse oocyte and preimplantation embryos , and we examined the role of ghrelin in the regulation of early embryo development . ^^^ Both ghrelin and GHS R mRNAs were detected in morula or more advanced embryo stages . ^^^ Addition of ghrelin to culture media inhibited the development of two cell embryos to the hatched blastocysts , and the inhibitory effects of ghrelin were abolished by an antagonist for the GHS R . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These altered DIO leptin and ghrelin responses were associated with 10 % lower leptin receptor mRNA expression in the arcuate ( ARC ) , dorsomedial ( DMN ) , and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei and 13 and 15 % lower ghrelin receptor ( GHS R ) mRNA expression in the ARC and DMN than in the DR rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Changes in ghrelin and ghrelin receptor expression according to feeding status . ^^^ This study was undertaken to investigate changes in expression levels of stomach ghrelin as well as of ghrelin receptor in the hypothalamus and pituitary glands according to feeding state . ^^^ The ghrelin receptor mRNA levels of 48 h fasted rats were 8 times higher in the hypothalamus and 3 times higher in the anterior pituitary gland than levels in fed rats . ^^^ In summary , not only stomach ghrelin , but also hypothalamic ghrelin receptor mRNA expression , increased during a fast . ^^^ Such as enhanced ghrelin receptor expression could contribute to the amplification of ghrelin action in a negative energy balance state . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , we measured the mRNA expression of the ghrelin receptor using RT PCR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Three years later a natural ligand for GHS R was identified and was designated ' ghrelin ' . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
High constitutive signaling of the ghrelin receptor identification of a potent inverse agonist . ^^^ By measuring inositol phosphate turnover or by using a reporter assay for transcriptional activity controlled by cAMP responsive elements , the ghrelin receptor showed strong , ligand independent signaling in transfected COS 7 or human embryonic kidney 293 cells . ^^^ In contrast , the low potency ghrelin antagonist , [ D Arg 1 , D Phe 5 , D Trp 7 , 9 , Leu 11 ] substance P was surprisingly found to be a high potency ( EC 50 = 5 . 2 nm ) full inverse agonist as it decreased the constitutive signaling of the ghrelin receptor down to that observed in untransfected cells . ^^^ The homologous motilin receptor functioned as a negative control as it did not display any sign of constitutive activity ; however , upon agonist stimulation the motilin receptor signaled as strongly as the unstimulated ghrelin receptor . ^^^ It is concluded that the ghrelin receptor is highly constitutively active and that this activity could be of physiological importance in its role as a regulator of both GH secretion and appetite control . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a newly discovered peptide that binds the receptor for GH secretagogues ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The peptide hormone ghrelin binds to the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , stimulates GH secretion , and promotes adipogenesis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GH responses to GHRH , the physiologic hypothalamic stimulus , and GHRP 6 , a synthetic hexapeptide that binds the Ghrelin receptor , were studied in rats treated with streptozotocin ( STZ ) , an experimental model of diabetes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Targeting the ghrelin receptor : orally active GHS and cortistatin analogs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin also possesses other endocrine and nonendocrine actions reflecting central and peripheral GHS R distribution including the pancreas . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The present appraisal of central neuroregulatory components of the somatotropic axis highlights a simplifying concept of ensemble control by the final common peptides , GH releasing hormone ( GHRH ) , GH releasing peptide ( s ) ( GHRP , ghrelin ) , and somatostatin . ^^^ GHRH , GHRP / ghrelin , and somatostatin further adapt to autonegative feedback by GH and IGF 1 . ^^^ Estradiol modulates the impact of each of the primary peptidyl inputs ; viz . : ( 1 ) enhances submaximally effective feedforward by discrete pulses of ( injected ) recombinant human GHRH 1 , 44 amide ( as defined by increased agonistic potency and pituitary sensitivity ) ; ( 2 ) potentiates the submaximally stimulatory effects of GHRP 2 , a hexapeptidyl mimetic of ghrelin ; ( 3 ) blunts dose dependent inhibition of fasting GH secretion by somatostatin 14 ; and ( 4 ) relieves rhGH enforced negative feedback on GHRP 2 ( but not on basal , exercise , or GHRH ) stimulated GH secretion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The type 1A GH secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor ( GHSR ) has been proposed to mediate the effects of ghrelin on GH release , food intake , and body composition . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor gene : identification of several sequence variants in extremely obese children and adolescents , healthy normal weight and underweight students , and children with short normal stature . ^^^ GH secretagogue receptor ( GHSR , ghrelin receptor ) is involved in regulation of body weight and GH secretion . ^^^ In conclusion , we did not obtain conclusive evidence for an involvement of the ghrelin receptor gene in body weight regulation or SNS in our study groups . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The cognate ghrelin receptor showed a wider pattern of cellular distribution , with detectable GHS R1a protein in germ cells , mainly in pachytene spermatocytes , as well as in somatic Sertoli and Leydig cells . ^^^ Ghrelin , the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , has been primarily linked to the central neuroendocrine regulation of GH secretion and food intake , although additional peripheral actions of ghrelin have also been reported . ^^^ In this study we report the expression and cellular location of ghrelin and its functional receptor , the type 1a GHS R , in adult human testis . ^^^ In conclusion , our results demonstrate that ghrelin and the type 1a GHS R are expressed in adult human testis and testicular tumors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : Ghrelin and types 1a and 1b GHS receptor ( GHS R ) were determined at the mRNA and protein levels by RT PCR , in situ hybridization , immunohistochemistry and enzyme immunoassay in tissues , cell lines and culture medium . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In view of the daunting complexity of potential neuromodulatory signals , we underline the utility of conceptualizing a simplified three peptide regulatory ensemble of GHRH , GHRP ( ghrelin ) and somatostatin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin binding activity is demonstrated in both native and ghrelin overexpressing 3T3 L 1 cells by radiolabeled ghrelin , although reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with the primer sequence of the previously identified ghrelin receptor subtypes detected no signal . ^^^ Our results demonstrate that ghrelin inhibits adipogenesis by stimulation of cell proliferation via the mediation of a ghrelin receptor , likely a novel unidentified subtype . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Secretion of GH is stimulated by GH releasing hormone ( GHRH ) and ghrelin ( acting via the GH secretagogue [ GHS ] receptor [ GHSR ] ) , and inhibited by somatostatin ( SRIF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Constitutive ghrelin receptor activity as a signaling set point in appetite regulation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , the recently identified hormone with GH secreting and appetite inducing effects , acts on the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ala scan of ghrelin ( 1 14 ) : interaction with the recombinant human ghrelin receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor mRNA and immunoreactivity were detected in tissues from DMNV . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Interestingly , CST but not SS also binds ghrelin receptor ( GHS R1a ) in vitro , suggesting a potential interplay between CST and ghrelin system . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Collectively , these results indicate the existence of a novel ghrelin receptor that may regulate the feeding activity of ghrelin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin and the synthetic growth hormone secretagogues ( GHSs ) activate a G protein coupled receptor ( GHS R ) originally cloned from the pituitary , but which is also expressed in the hypothalamus , in other areas of the brain and in numerous peripheral tissues . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It is not yet clear whether this inhibitory activity on lipolysis is also shared by the major circulating isoform , des acyl ghrelin , that does not activate the ghrelin receptor , namely the type 1a GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R1a ) and lacks the endocrine effects of the acylated form . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , the endogenous ligand for GHS R , was isolated from rat stomach , although other tissues exist expressing ghrelin , such as pituitary , hypothalamus , placent , ovary , testes , etc . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Common structural basis for constitutive activity of the ghrelin receptor family . ^^^ Three members of the ghrelin receptor family were characterized in parallel : the ghrelin receptor , the neurotensin receptor 2 and the orphan receptor GPR 39 . ^^^ The constitutive activity of the ghrelin receptor and of neurotensin receptor 2 through the G ( q ) , phospholipase C pathway was approximately 50 % of their maximal capacity as determined through inositol phosphate accumulation . ^^^ Antibody feeding experiments demonstrated that the epitope tagged ghrelin receptor was constitutively internalized but could be trapped at the cell surface by an inverse agonist , whereas GPR 39 remained at the cell surface . ^^^ Mutational analysis showed that the constitutive activity of both the ghrelin receptor and GPR 39 could systematically be tuned up and down depending on the size and hydrophobicity of the side chain in position 6 : 16 in the context of an aromatic residue at 7 : 09 and a large hydrophobic residue at 7 : 06 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Because ghrelin receptor is abundantly expressed in adipose tissue , we investigated the role of ghrelin in adipocyte biology . ^^^ We observed ghrelin receptor expression in 3T3 L 1 preadipocytes and adipocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , an n octanoylated 28 amino acid peptide capable of inducing GH secretion and food intake in humans and rats , is the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ Here we describe the expression and tissue distribution of the ghrelin / GHS R axis in the mouse . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recently , the ghrelin receptor has also been detected in peripheral systems including immune tissues , suggesting that ghrelin may play an important role in the regulation of immune function . ^^^ In this paper , we assessed the presence and function of the ghrelin receptor in murine splenic T cells . ^^^ The enriched T cells express the mRNA of ghrelin and ghrelin receptor mRNA , and there is a significantly positive correlation between them . ^^^ These results demonstrate the presence of the ghrelin receptor in murine spleen T lymphocytes and a functional role of ghrelin as a modulator of lymphocyte function . ^^^ Ghrelin , a novel gut brain peptide predominantly produced by the stomach , displays strong growth hormone ( GH ) releasing activity mediated by the hypothalamus pituitary GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor and its signal transduction ] . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These results indicate that the obese Zucker rat is characterized by an increase in plasma ghrelin concentrations and by an attenuated response to a GHS R agonist . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
One of these hormones , ghrelin , a natural ligand of the orphan receptor GHS R , purified from stomach , is able to stimulate growth hormone release from pituitary cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The lack of efficacy of HEX , the efficacy of UAG , and the absence of GHS R1a expression indicate the involvement of a yet uncharacterized ghrelin receptor type . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Evidence for the presence of motilin , ghrelin , and the motilin and ghrelin receptor in neurons of the myenteric plexus . ^^^ RT PCR studies revealed motilin , ghrelin , and ghrelin receptor mRNA transcripts in LMMP preparations and in cultured myenteric neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In agreement with this distribution of GHS R , ghrelin and synthetic GHSs exert a wide spectrum of actions , including cardiac and vascular activities . ^^^ This evidence indicates that these actions are not likely to be mediated by a type 1a GHS R , which , by definition , binds acylated ghrelin only . ^^^ Thus , there are similarities , but also differences , between ghrelin and synthetic GHSs , in terms of cardiac actions that are likely to be related to the existence of multiple GHS R subtypes that mediate the cardiovascular actions of the above substances . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin was originally identified in 1999 as the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone ( GH ) secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ In this context , our group has recently provided extensive evidence for the expression of ghrelin and its putative receptor , the type 1a GHS R , in rat and human gonads . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
How many ghrelin receptor subtypes exist . ^^^ However , ghrelin exerts several other neuroendocrine , metabolic and also nonendocrine actions that are explained by the widespread distribution of ghrelin and GHS R expression . ^^^ The likely existence of GHS R subtypes and evidence that the neuroendocrine actions , but not all the other actions , of ghrelin depend on its acylation in serine 3 revealed a system whose complexity had not been completely explored by studying synthetic GHS . ^^^ Is ghrelin ' the ' or just ' a ' GHS R ligand . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a gut brain peptide and its endocrine activities are mediated by GH secretagogue receptor ( GHSR ) 1a . ^^^ Des acyl ghrelin does not activate GHSR 1a and is devoid of endocrine activities . ^^^ While the microinjection of ghrelin into rat nucleus tractus solitarii ( NTS ) elicited hypotensive effects , this was not the case upon injection into GHSR expressing rostral ventrolateral medulla or caudal ventrolateral medulla . ^^^ These results suggest that des acyl ghrelin contribute to the regulation of cardiovascular control and that a receptor other than GHSR 1a exists in NTS . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a 28 amino acid acylated peptide predominantly produced by the stomach , displays strong GH releasing activity mediated by the hypothalamic pituitary GH secretagogues ( GHS ) receptors ( GHS R ) which had been shown specific for a family of synthetic , orally active molecules known as GHS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A series of isoxazole carboxamide derivatives has been developed as potent ghrelin receptor antagonists . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Our results showed that ghrelin and ghrelin receptor were consistently expressed in AR42J cells . ^^^ These results indicate that ligand stimulation of the ghrelin receptor could lead to a biphasic [ Ca2+ ] 1 mobilization in these cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The hypothalamic effects of ghrelin , a regulator of GHRH production and food intake , were reduced in these mice , suggesting that an impairment of ghrelin receptor signaling might contribute to GHRH deficiency and abnormal eating behavior . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , a ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R 1a ) , is a 28 amino acid peptide with an unusual octanoyl group on Ser 3 , crucial for its biological activity . ^^^ For the first time , ghrelin and GHS R 1b , a truncated variant of the receptor resulting from alternative splicing , but not GHS R 1a , mRNAs were detected in the human erythroleukemic cell line HEL . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , is a recently isolated hormone , prevalently expressed in stomach but also in other tissues such as hypothalamus and placenta . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The present study examines the thesis that pulsatile GH secretion is controlled simultaneously by three principal signals ; viz . , GHRH , GH releasing peptide ( GHRP , ghrelin ) , and somatostatin ( SS ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using immunohistochemistry , we also demonstrated the colocalization of GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , the cellular receptor for ghrelin , with CCK AR in vagal afferent neurons . ^^^ The efficiency of ghrelin and CCK signal transduction may depend on the balance of their respective plasma concentration and / or on interactions between GHS R and CCK AR . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We then discuss the following controversial questions in ghrelin research and offer our opinions regarding these debates . ( 1 ) Is ghrelin synthesized within the brain . ( 2 ) How does ghrelin increase food intake . ( 3 ) Does des acyl ghrelin have a physiologic function . ( 4 ) Are there receptors for ghrelin other than GHS R1a . ( 5 ) Does ghrelin regulate insulin secretion . ( 6 ) Does ghrelin regulate gastrointestinal motility . ( 7 ) Can ghrelin or ghrelin receptor agonists be used to treat wasting conditions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A series of substituted oxindole derivatives of SM 130686 was synthesized and evaluated as ghrelin receptor agonists . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using a reverse pharmacology paradigm with a stable cell line expressing GHS R , we purified an endogenous ligand for GHS R from rat stomach and named it `` ghrelin , ' ' after a word root ( `` ghre ' ' ) in Proto Indo European languages meaning `` grow . ' ' Ghrelin is a peptide hormone in which the third amino acid , usually a serine but in some species a threonine , is modified by a fatty acid ; this modification is essential for ghrelin ' s activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Exogenous administration of ghrelin increases caloric intake and stimulates growth hormone ( GH ) secretion , two effects that are mediated through binding of ghrelin to the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ In addition , ghrelin is thought to inhibit adipogenesis by GHS R independent mechanisms . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , expression of the functional ghrelin receptor , the GHS R type 1a , has been shown in Sertoli and Leydig cells of the testis , and in follicular , luteal , surface epithelial and interstitial hilus cells of the ovary . ^^^ Ghrelin , the endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , has been recently demonstrated as a pleiotropic regulator involved in a large array of endocrine and non endocrine functions , including food intake and energy balance . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Reverse pharmacology was completed when the cloned GHS R was exploited to identify an endogenous agonist ( ghrelin ) and a partial agonist ( adenosine ) ; ghsr knockout mice studies confirmed that GHS are ghrelin mimetics . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nonpeptide and peptide growth hormone secretagogues act both as ghrelin receptor agonist and as positive or negative allosteric modulators of ghrelin signaling . ^^^ It is concluded that agonists for the ghrelin receptor vary both in respect of their intrinsic agonist properties and in their ability to modulate ghrelin signaling . ^^^ Two nonpeptide ( L 692 , 429 and MK 677 ) and two peptide [ GH releasing peptide ( GHRP ) 6 and ghrelin ] agonists were compared in binding and in signal transduction assays : calcium mobilization , inositol phosphate turnover , cAMP responsive element ( CRE ) , and serum responsive element ( SRE ) controlled transcription , as well as arrestin mobilization . ^^^ In contrast , the potency of GHRP 6 varied 600 fold ( 0 . 1 61 nm ) depending on the signal transduction assay , and it acted as a negative allosteric modulator of ghrelin signaling . ^^^ A receptor model is presented wherein ghrelin normally only activates one receptor subunit in a dimer and where the smaller nonendogenous agonists bind in the other subunit to act both as coagonists and as either neutral ( MK 677 ) , positive ( L 692 , 429 ) , or negative ( GHRP 6 ) modulators of ghrelin function . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two chicken isoforms of the ghrelin receptor have been identified , both of which are highly expressed in the hypothalamus and pituitary , suggesting that a stimulatory effect may be directed at these levels . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We measured expression of the leptin receptor ( Ob Rb ) and the ghrelin / growth hormone releasing peptide receptor ( GHS R ) in the arcuate nucleus of sheep held at either high or low levels of adiposity . ^^^ We conclude that lowering body weight leads to increased expression of Ob Rb , ghrelin / GHS R expression and proportion of NPY cells that express Ob Rb in the arcuate nucleus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
They act on the ghrelin receptor , expressed in both the hypothalamus and the pituitary . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor mRNA was detected in tissues from the NTS . ^^^ The mitotic effect of ghrelin was abolished by treatment of cultured NTS neurons with ghrelin receptor antagonists : D Lys 3 GHRP 6 and [ D Arg 1 , D Phe 5 , D Trp 7 , 9 , Leu 11 ] substance P . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Evaluation of the effects of ghrelin on GHS R expression and proliferation of human adrenocortical carcinoma ( ACC ) cell lines . ^^^ RESULTS : Ghrelin and GHS R transcripts are expressed in normal adrenal cortex , with GHS R1b mRNA levels being 5 to 10 fold higher than GHS R1amRNA . ^^^ In this regard , ghrelin inhibits cell proliferation and modulates GHS R expression in ACC cells in vitro . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor agonist GHRP 2 prevents arthritis induced increase in E 3 ubiquitin ligating enzymes MuRF 1 and MAFbx gene expression in skeletal muscle . ^^^ We also studied whether the synthetic ghrelin receptor agonist , growth hormone releasing peptide 2 ( GHRP 2 ) , was able to prevent arthritis induced changes in the skeletal muscle . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , both non acylated and acylated ghrelin are bound by GHS R subtypes at both the pancreatic and the cardiovascular level . ^^^ Notably , some GHS R subtypes are not ghrelin receptors ; cardiovascular receptors specific for peptidyl GHS have been found and it has been shown they mediate some specific actions that are not shared by ghrelin . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Gonadal expression of the functional ghrelin receptor , the GHS R type 1a , was also shown in Sertoli and Leydig cells of the testis and in follicular , luteal , surface epithelial and interstitial hilus cells of the ovary . ^^^ Ghrelin , the endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , has been recently involved in the regulation of a large array of endocrine and non endocrine functions , including the control of GH secretion , food intake and energy balance . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , ghrelin exerts pleiotropic actions that are explained by the widespread distribution of ghrelin and GHS R expression . ^^^ However , GHS R subtypes are likely to exist ; they also bind unacylated ghrelin that is , in fact , the most abundant circulating form and exerts some biological actions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although ghrelin ' s effects are partially mediated at the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus , via activation of neurons that co express neuropeptide Y and agouti related protein ( NPY / Agrp neurons ) , the ghrelin receptor is expressed also in other brain sites . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue / ghrelin receptor ( GHS R ) and stimulates feeding behavior and GH levels in rodents and humans . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These results may suggest the presence of an unknown ghrelin receptor that modulates ghrelin actions on weight gain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chronic systemic administration of growth hormone ( GH ) releasing peptide 6 ( GHRP 6 ) , an agonist for the ghrelin receptor , to normal adult rats increases insulin like growth factor ( IGF ) 1 mRNA and phosphorylated Akt ( pAkt ) levels in various brain regions , including the hypothalamus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These observations suggest a potential for ghrelin receptor agonists in the treatment of gastroparesis . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : Ghrelin is the recently identified endogenous ligand for the ghrelin receptor GHS R1a and known to regulate growth hormone secretion and appetite . ^^^ Our aim was to investigate if ghrelin and ghrelin receptor protein are expressed within the human vasculature , to determine if des octanoyl ghrelin , like ghrelin , is a vasodilator in human artery and to test the acute effect of ghrelin peptides on cardiac contractility . ^^^ METHODS : Distribution of ghrelin and ghrelin receptor was determined using standard immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy . ^^^ Specific antisera detected ghrelin receptor on vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Preproghrelin gene , ghrelin receptor and metabolic syndrome ] . ^^^ Mutations in preproghrelin and ghrelin gene or ghrelin receptor gene could be responsible for low ghrelin levels observed in obese individuals . ^^^ No evidence of relationship between ghrelin receptor gene polymorphisms and body mass regulation was found , however , until now there is no study on relationships between these polymorphisms and metabolic complications of obesity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , pituitary receptor mRNA levels for GHRH ( GHRH R ) , ghrelin ( GHS R ) and SRIH ( sst 2 ) were assessed by RT PCR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , male mice with deletions of ghrelin ( Ghrl / mice ) or GHSR ( Ghsr / mice ) display normal growth and regulation of food intake . ^^^ This commentary highlights 3 key issues raised by these 2 reports : ( a ) the impact of ghrelin on the development of metabolic systems ; ( b ) the constitutive activity of GHSR ; and ( c ) gender differences in the sensitivity to deletion of the ghrelin signaling system . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NOX B 11 2 ( 66 mg / kg , sc ) blocked ghrelin induced feeding and was without effect on feeding evoked by an orally active nonpeptide ghrelin receptor agonist . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
High levels of ghrelin receptor ( GHS R ) mRNA were detected in various peripheral fetal tissues beginning at embryonic d 14 and lasting until birth . ^^^ Ghrelin , an acylated peptide serving as an endogenous ligand for GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) , was originally isolated from rat and human stomach . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The implications of these results for the binding pocket of the ghrelin receptor are discussed . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor nomenclature , distribution , and function . ^^^ The purpose of this review is to propose an official International Union of Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification ( NC IUPHAR ) nomenclature designating GHS R1a as the ghrelin receptor to follow the convention of naming receptors after the endogenous agonist , abbreviated where necessary to GRLN . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , an acylated peptide produced predominantly in the stomach , stimulates feeding and GH secretion via interactions with the GH secretagogue type 1a receptor ( GHS R1a ) , the functionally active form of the GHS R . ^^^ Although icv administration of ghrelin did not induce food intake in GHS R deficient mice , it did in orexin deficient mice . ^^^ In contrast , icv administration of des acyl ghrelin stimulated feeding in GHS R deficient mice , but not orexin deficient mice . ^^^ Central des acyl ghrelin may activate orexin expressing neurons , perhaps functioning in feeding regulation through interactions with a target protein distinct from the GHS R . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although pharmacological studies have demonstrated that its endogenous ligand ghrelin stimulates , through the GHSR , GH secretion and appetite , the physiological importance of the GHSR dependent pathways remains an open question that gives rise to much controversy . ^^^ This mutation , which results in decreased cell surface expression of the receptor , selectively impairs the constitutive activity of the GHSR , while preserving its ability to respond to ghrelin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin , the endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) has been previously shown to inhibit gastric acid secretion in pylorus ligated rats . ^^^ The present study aimed : ( 1 ) to characterise the type of GHS R involved in the central gastric inhibitory activity of ghrelin by using des octanoyl ghrelin , and synthetic GHS R ( 1a ) agonist ( EP 1572 ) and antagonist ( D Lys ( 3 ) GHRP 6 ) and ( 2 ) to investigate the relationship between ghrelin and cortistatin ( CST ) in the control of gastric acid secretion by using the natural neuropeptide CST 14 and the synthetic octapeptide CST 8 . ^^^ The specific interactions of all the compounds with GHS R ( 1a ) were determined by comparing their ability to displace labelled ghrelin or somatostatin from its receptors on rat hypothalamic membranes or on rat cardiomyocyte , respectively . ^^^ Preteatment with D Lys ( 3 ) GHRP 6 ( 3 nmol / rat , i . c . v . ) was able to remove the inhibitory action of ghrelin ( 0 . 01 nmol / rat , i . c . v . ) on gastric acid volume and acid output , thus indicating that the type 1a GHS R likely mediates the gastric inhibitory action of ghrelin . ^^^ This is supported by binding data showing that D Lys ( 3 ) GHRP 6 , but not des octanoyl ghrelin , binds to hypothalamic GHS R . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Agonists at the ghrelin receptor may , therefore , become a useful human therapeutic for this disorder . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cell biology of the ghrelin receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor mutations too little height and too much hunger . ^^^ The ghrelin receptor is known from in vitro studies to signal in the absence of the hormone ghrelin at almost 50 % of its maximal capacity . ^^^ In this issue of the JCI , Pantel et al . find that a natural mutation in the ghrelin receptor , Ala204Glu , which is associated with a selective loss of constitutive activity without affecting ghrelin affinity , potency , or efficacy , segregates in 2 families with the development of short stature ( see the related article beginning on page 760 ) . ^^^ By combination of the observations from this study with those related to the phenotype of subjects carrying another natural ghrelin receptor mutation , Phe279Leu , having identical molecular pharmacological properties , it is proposed that selective lack of ghrelin receptor constitutive signaling leads to a syndrome characterized not only by short stature , but also by obesity that apparently develops during puberty . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Both models displayed hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia with reduced expression of GH as well as reduced expression of pituitary receptors important for GH synthesis and release [ GHRH receptor ( DIO only ) and the ghrelin receptor ( ob / ob and DIO ) ] . ^^^ In addition , treating primary pituitary cell cultures from lean mice with insulin reduced GH release as well as GH , GHRH receptor , and ghrelin receptor mRNA levels compared with vehicle treated controls , where the magnitude of suppression of pituitary mRNA levels was similar to that observed in the DIO mouse . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
One of these compounds led to the discovery of a GPCR type receptor for GHSs ( GHS R ) , and subsequently the endogenous ligand for the receptor has been identified , and is referred to as ghrelin . ^^^ Maximal enhancement of the intracellular Ca ( 2+ ) concentration induced by SM 130686 treatment was approximately 55 % that induced by ghrelin , suggesting that SM 130686 may be a partial GHS R agonist . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although the reported expression of ghrelin receptors ( GHS R ) in corticotrope tumors offers a potential mechanism for ghrelin induced ACTH hypersecretion , studies on the direct effects of synthetic GH secretagogues on corticotropinoma cells offered contradictory results . ^^^ Additionally , expression of GHS R and its ligand ghrelin was examined in these cells and in five additional corticotropinomas . ^^^ Moreover , RT PCR showed that expression of GHS R isoforms is accompanied by that of ghrelin in all seven corticotrope adenomas examined . ^^^ The presence of ghrelin and GHS R suggests that pituitary ghrelin may play an autocrine / paracrine role in regulating ACTH release in Cushing ' s disease . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found by PCR that ghrelin receptor mRNA is expressed in non transformed human colonic epithelial NCM 460 cells . ^^^ Exposure of NCM 460 cells stably transfected with ghrelin receptor mRNA to ghrelin , increased IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and its subsequent degradation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GH secretagogues ( GHS ) are synthetic ghrelin receptor agonists that stimulate GH secretion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pretreatment of phagocytic leukocytes with a GHS R antagonist , [ D Lys 3 ] GHRP 6 , abolished the stimulatory effects of trout ghrelin and des VRQ trout ghrelin on superoxide production . ^^^ These results suggest that ghrelin stimulates phagocytosis in fish leukocytes through a GHS R dependent pathway , and also that the effect of ghrelin is mediated , at least in part , by GH secreted by leukocytes . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Let ' s analyze the ghrelin receptor subtype GH secretagogue ( GHS ) receptor 1a ( R1a ) . ^^^ It has been already demonstrated that a GHS R subtype able to bind non acylated as well as acylated ghrelin exists and likely mediates biological activities . ^^^ Another GHS R subtype likely mediates the influence of unacylated ghrelin on glucose metabolism , since it does not bind nor activates the GHS R1a . ^^^ Given this complexity , it is clear that further studies are required to clarify whether ghrelin is the sole ligand or one of a number of ligands activating the GHS R 1a and whether that receptor used for ghrelin isolation is the sole receptor or one of a group of receptors for such ligands . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Association of the Ghrelin receptor gene region with left ventricular hypertrophy in the general population : results of the MONICA / KORA Augsburg Echocardiographic Substudy . ^^^ The GH secretagogue receptor ( GHSR , ghrelin receptor ) is known to be involved in GH release and is expressed in the myocardium . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin is a newly discovered brain gut peptide and an endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogues receptor ( GHS R ) . ^^^ Ghrelin and GHS R present extensively in central and peripheral tissues such as stomach , brain and other organs of rodent and human , which suggest it has multiple biological effects . ^^^ In this study , we examined the expression of ghrelin , ghrelin mRNA and GHS R mRNA in cerebrum and brainstem by RT PCR and immunofluorescence histochemistry , and analyzed the connection among the cerebral cortex , hypothalamus , dorsal vagal complex ( DVC ) . ^^^ The expression of ghrelin mRNA and GHS R mRNA were also found in the sensorimotor cortex and hypothalamus by method of RT PCR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To identify neurons that express the ghrelin receptor [ GH secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) ] , we generated GHS R IRES tauGFP mice by gene targeting . ^^^ Activation of GHS R by ghrelin amplifies dopamine / D1R induced cAMP accumulation . ^^^ Most importantly , these results indicate that ghrelin has the potential to amplify dopamine signaling selectively in neurons that coexpress D1R and GHS R . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The contractile effect of the ghrelin receptor antagonist , D Lys 3 GHRP 6 , in rat fundic strips is mediated through 5 HT receptors . ^^^ Previous in vivo studies have shown that the ghrelin receptor antagonist , D Lys ( 3 ) GHRP 6 , reduced food intake and delayed gastric emptying in rodents but these effects are at variance with the normal phenotype of the ghrelin knockout mice . ^^^ In contrast to ghrelin and GHRP 6 , the ghrelin receptor antagonist , D Lys ( 3 ) GHRP 6 , induced pronounced smooth muscle contractions in the rat fundus by interacting with 5 HT ( 2B ) receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GH release is stimulated by hypothalamic GH releasing hormone ( GHRH ) and ghrelin ( endogenous ligand of the GHS receptor , GHS R ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To investigate the role of ghrelin in the hyperphagia associated with uncontrolled streptozotocin induced diabetes , food intake was followed in diabetic ghrelin knockout ( ghrelin ( / ) ) and control wild type ( ghrelin ( + / + ) ) mice and diabetic Naval Medical Research Institute noninbred Swiss mice treated with either saline or the ghrelin receptor antagonist , D Lys 3 GH releasing peptide 6 ( D Lys 3 GHRP 6 ) for 5 d . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Construction of human ghrelin receptor ( hGHS R1a ) model using a fragmental prediction approach and validation through docking analysis . ^^^ The objective of this study was to investigate the reliability of a fragmental approach to build a full length model of the human ghrelin receptor ( hGHS R1a ) in its open state . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Growth hormone releasing hormone ( GHRH ) neurons in the arcuate nucleus ( Arc ) of the hypothalamus are decreased in transgenic rats whose expression of ghrelin receptor is attenuated : Evidence that ghrelin receptor is involved in the up regulation of GHRH expression in the arc . ^^^ GH secretagogue ( GHS ) / ghrelin stimulates GH secretion by binding mainly to its receptor ( GHS R ) on GHRH neurons in the arcuate nucleus ( Arc ) of the hypothalamus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor inverse agonists : identification of an active peptide core and its interaction epitopes on the receptor . [ D Arg 1 , D Phe 5 , D Trp 7 , 9 , Leu 11 ] Substance P functions as a low potency antagonist but a high potency full inverse agonist on the ghrelin receptor . ^^^ Mutational analysis at 17 selected positions in the main ligand binding crevice of the ghrelin receptor demonstrated that ghrelin apparently interacts only with residues in the middle part of the pocket [ i . e . , between transmembrane ( TM ) 3 , TM 6 and TM 7 ] . ^^^ The identified pharmacophore can possibly serve as the basis for targeted discovery of also nonpeptide inverse agonists for the ghrelin receptor . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ghrelin receptor agonists may have a role as prokinetic agents . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) in the GHRH , GHRHR , GHRL , GHSR , SST and SSTR 2 gene regions in a Polish and a German cohort of 798 breast cancer cases and 1011 controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Subsequently , ghrelin turned out to exert pleiotropic actions , consistent with the widespread distribution of ghrelin and GHS R expression in central and peripheral tissues . ^^^ Despite that the binding to GHS R1a requires ghrelin to be acylated in serine 3 , some ghrelin actions are independent of such acylation ; thus suggesting the possibility of the existence of other GHS R subtypes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Congenital ablation of the ghrelin or ghrelin receptor gene causes resistance to diet induced obesity , and pharmacologic ghrelin blockade reduces food intake and body weight . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and Q92847	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA