| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.54694761 |
| These results demonstrate that ghrelin directly interacts with NPY neurons in the ARC to induce Ca ( 2+ ) signaling via PKA and N type Ca ( 2+ ) channel dependent mechanisms . 0.54694761^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.70822352 |
| We analyzed , in 42 PD patients , the possible relationship between ghrelin and appetite regulation with regard to other orexigens [ neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) , NO 3 ] and anorexigens [ cholecystokinin ( CCK ) , leptin , glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide ( GIP ) , tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNFalpha ) ] . 0.70822352^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Those agents include neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) , agouti related protein ( AGRP ) , melanocortin receptors ( MC R ) , cocaine amphetamine regulated transcript ( CART ) , pro opiomelanocortin ( POMC ) , orexin A and B ( hypocretins ) , melanin concentrating hormone ( MCH ) and ghrelin ( endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Recently several significant advances have been made in this area , including the identification of the appetite regulating hormone , leptin , and a detailed understanding of its targets in the central nervous system ( CNS ) , such as neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) and the melanocortin 4 receptor . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Ghrelin , a circulating growth hormone releasing peptide derived from stomach , stimulates food intake through neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) neurons of the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus ( ARC ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Co localization of growth hormone secretagogue receptor and NPY mRNA in the arcuate nucleus of the rat . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| However , ghrelin , the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor , may also stimulate feeding and weight gain , in part through action on receptors in arcuate NPY neurons . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| V . injected ghrelin were blocked by growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) antagonist given by the same route and also blocked by immunoneutralization of neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) in the brain . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In six reviews , the melanocortins system ( including MC 4 and MC 3 receptors , Agrp , MSH ) , the NPY receptors ( including NPY Y 1 , NPY Y 2 , and NPY Y 5 , PYY 3 36 ) , the cannabinoid system ( including the development of rimonabant ) , the ghrelin ( GHS , growth hormone secretagogue ) system , the monoamine GPCRs ( including serotonin , adrenergic and histamine receptors ) , orexin ( hypocretin ) system and the galanin receptors are covered . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Following i . c . v . administration of 3 nmol ghrelin , the duration and magnitude of the feeding stimulation was similar to that following 5 nmol neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| METHODS : : Food intake , oxygen consumption , gastric emptying , and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) messenger RNA expression were measured after intra third cerebroventricular or intraperitoneal injections of ghrelin in mice . ^^^ RESULTS : : Ghrelin exhibited gastroprokinetic activity with structural resemblance to motilin and potent orexigenic activity through action on the hypothalamic neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) and Y ( 1 ) receptor , which was lost after vagotomy . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : : Ghrelin , which is negatively regulated by leptin and IL 1 beta , is secreted by the stomach and increases arcuate NPY expression , which in turn acts through Y ( 1 ) receptors to increase food intake and decrease energy expenditure . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| After intracerebroventricular ghrelin administration , Fos protein , a marker of neuronal activation , was found in regions of primary importance in the regulation of feeding , including neuropeptide Y 6 ( NPY ) neurons and agouti related protein ( AGRP ) neurons . ^^^ Antibodies and antagonists of NPY and AGRP abolished ghrelin induced feeding . ^^^ Ghrelin augmented NPY gene expression and blocked leptin induced feeding reduction , implying that there is a competitive interaction between ghrelin and leptin in feeding regulation . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Synthetic GHSs have activated the hypothalamic arcuate neurons containing neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) , suggesting the involvement of NPY in some of ghrelin actions . ^^^ Hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression was increased in rats that received a single ICV injection of ghrelin ( 500 ng / rat ) ( approximately 160 % of that in vehicle treated groups , P < 0 . 05 ) . ^^^ The ghrelin ' s orexigenic effect was abolished dose dependently by ICV co injection of NPY Y 1 receptor antagonist ( 10 30 microg / rat ) . ^^^ Leptin reduced hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression by 35 % ( P < 0 . 05 ) , which was abolished by ICV co injection of ghrelin ( 500 ng / rat ) . ^^^ This study provides evidence that ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide that antagonizes leptin action through the activation of hypothalamic NPY / Y1 receptor pathway . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The specificity of the SHU 9119 feeding response was assessed using two other orexigenic peptides , NPY and the novel hormone ghrelin . ^^^ Because SHU 9119 completely reverses cancer anorexia in this model , whereas ghrelin and NPY do not , increased central nervous system melanocortin signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of this disorder . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The effect of both ghrelin and GHRP 6 on food intake was blocked by preadministration of a Y 1 NPY receptor antagonist ( BIBO 3304 ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Because such adiposity was thought to be mediated by hypothalamic NPY neurons , we investigated by which mechanism a synthetic ghrelin receptor agonist , GHRP 2 , would generate a positive energy balance in NPY deficient [ Npy ( / ) mice ] and wild type controls . ^^^ In conclusion , chronic peripheral treatment with a ghrelin receptor agonist induced a positive energy balance leading to fat gain in the absence of NPY . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Ghrelin stimulates and leptin inhibits appetite by modulating neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) signaling in the hypothalamus . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Ghrelin has a variety of physiological functions such as the stimulation of GH release or the increase of food intake by activating NPY neurons . ^^^ Pretreatment with antiserum against NPY significantly reduced the plasma AVP increase induced by icv administration of ghrelin . ^^^ These results suggest that ghrelin plays a stimulatory role in AVP release , which is possibly mediated by NPY neurons . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These data indicate that NPY neurons in the Arc are likely the primary target mediating i . p . ghrelin induced orexigenic effect . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The enhancing effect of ghrelin on feeding was prevented by the prior administration of the neuropeptide Y Y 5 receptor antagonist ( DTyr ( 2 ) , DThr ( 32 ) ) neuropeptide Y ( NPY , 10 microg ) , but not by the GH RH receptor antagonist MZ 4 71 ( 10 microg ) , or by EP 91073 , a hexarelin analogue that antagonizes the pro erectile effect of EP 80661 ( 10 microg ) , given into the lateral ventricles . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We also found that chronic central administration of ghrelin increased both neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) mRNA levels ( 151 . 0 + / 10 . 1 % of saline treated controls ; P < 0 . 05 ) and AGRP mRNA levels ( 160 . 0 + / 22 . 5 % of saline treated controls ; P < 0 . 05 ) in the arcuate nucleus . ^^^ Thus , the primary hypothalamic targets of ghrelin are NPY / AGRP containing neurons , and ghrelin is a newly discovered orexigenic peptide in the brain and stomach . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Because NPY may regulate GH release and ghrelin may regulate NPY formation , we studied the effects of the Leu7 / Pro7 genotype on GH , ghrelin , and IGF 1 secretion during standardized cycle ergometer exercise . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We investigated Fos expression in neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) producing and growth hormone releasing hormone ( GHRH ) producing neurons by immunohistochemistry after administration 4 of ghrelin to these rats . ^^^ RESULTS : Blockade of the gastric vagal afferent abolished ghrelin induced feeding , GH secretion , and activation of NPY producing and GHRH producing neurons . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Therefore , we conclude that the elevated plasma ghrelin levels , along with decreased plasma leptin levels , could contribute to the diabetic hyperphagia in part by increasing hypothalamic NPY . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These data suggest that the mechanisms of GH and ACTH regulation by ghrelin may include hypothalamic release of GHRH , CRH , AVP and NPY . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Within the hypothalamus , ghrelin bound mostly on presynaptic terminals of NPY neurons . ^^^ Using electrophysiological recordings , we found that ghrelin stimulated the activity of arcuate NPY neurons and mimicked the effect of NPY in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus ( PVH ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Three major players identified recently in the feedback communication between the periphery and hypothalamus are leptin , ghrelin and neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Centrally administered ghrelin exerts an orexigenic activity through the neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) and agouti related protein systems . ^^^ Ghrelin remained competent to induce Fos expression in orexin producing neurons following pretreatment with anti NPY IgG . ^^^ Administration of NPY receptor antagonist further attenuated ghrelin induced feeding in rats treated with anti orexin IgGs . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The leptin and ghrelin responsive network involves the hypothalamic neuropeptide Y / alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone ( NPY / alpha MSH ) system . ^^^ These results indicate that circulating ghrelin may oppose the actions of leptin by directly activating NPY neurons of the ArcM and by indirectly inhibiting POMC neurons of the ArcL . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Finally , we review the current inquiries into the ability of the hormone ghrelin to stimulate appetite by its action of NPY neurons and inhibition of POMC neurons . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Furthermore , ghrelin controls energy balance , enhancing fat mass deposition and food intake through the activation of the hypothalamic nuclei and the promotion of NPY ( neuropeptide Y ) and AGRP ( Agouti related protein ) expression ; since it stimulates weight gain , ghrelin is considered a possible important factor in the etiology of obesity . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Ghrelin causes an increase of food intake and body weight by stimulating the production of neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) and agouti related protein ( AGP ) in the nucleus arcuatus . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Many kinds of neurons in these areas of the hypothalamus express factors such as melanin concentrating hormone ( MCH ) , neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) , proopiomelanocortin ( POMC ) , orexin ( OX ) and ghrelin , which have been implicated in feeding regulation . ^^^ Morphological and physiological studies on single living cells isolated from fresh rat hypothalamus or with receptor agonist and antagonist combined with immunohistochemisry clearly demonstrate that both leptin and OX reciprocally regulate NPY and POMC containing neurons in the ARC and that ghrelin may regulate feeding status independently through direct OX and NPY pathways . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Recent studies show that intermittent , feedback action of opposing afferent hormonal signals leptin from adipose tissue and ghrelin from stomach regulate the episodic secretion of orexigenic NPY in the PVN ARC . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Weight , BMI , oxytocin ( baseline only ) , leptin , Neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) , and ghrelin were evaluated at baseline and after 6 and 12 months . ^^^ No changes in mean BMI , ghrelin , leptin or NPY were seen following GH treatment . ^^^ GH treatment of PWS patients did not change ghrelin , leptin or NPY . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Plasma ghrelin and leptin levels reflect peripheral energy balance and regulate hypothalamic neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) , pro opiomelanocortin ( POMC ) , cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript ( CART ) , melanin concentrating hormone ( MCH ) , and orexins . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NPY , leptin and ghrelin did not change during GH treatment . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We will examine the involvement of the central melanocortin system in the incorporation of information from the adipostatic hormone leptin and acute hunger and satiety factors such as peptide YY ( PYY ( 3 36 ) ) and ghrelin via a neuronal network involving POMC / cocaine and amphetamine related transcript ( CART ) and neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) / AgRP neurons . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Ghrelin activates growth hormone secretagogue receptor ( GHS R ) in hypothalamic ARC and stimulates growth hormone ( GH ) release and in vagal afferents to promote the expression and release of hypothalamic NPY and AgRP stimulating PVN and driving ingestive behaviour . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Morphological relationships between neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) like and ghrelin like immunoreactive neurons in the arcuate nucleus ( ARC ) were examined using light and electron microscopy techniques . ^^^ Using a preembedding double immunostaining technique , some NPY immunoreactive axon terminals were observed at the electron microscope level to make synapses on ghrelin immunoreactive cell bodies and dendrites . ^^^ In contrast , ghrelin like immunoreactive ( ghrelin LI ) axon terminals were found to make synapses on NPY like immunoreactive ( NPY LI ) dendrites although no NPY like immunoreactive perikarya were identified receiving synapses from ghrelin LI axon terminals . ^^^ Axo axonic synapses were also identified between NPY and ghrelin like axon terminals . ^^^ The present study shows that NPY and ghrelin LI neurons could influence each other by synaptic transmission through axo somatic , axo dendritic and even axo axonic synapses , and suggests that they participate in a common effort to regulate the food intake behavior through complex synaptic relationships . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Pharmacological evidence indicates that ghrelin ' s effects on food intake are mediated by neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) and agouti related protein ( AgRP ) in the central nervous system . ^^^ These include intracerebroventricular application of antibodies to neutralize NPY and AgRP , and the application of an NPY Y 1 receptor antagonist , which blocks some of the orexigenic effects of ghrelin . ^^^ Here we describe treatment of Agrp ( / ) ; Npy ( / ) and Mc3r ( / ) ; Mc4r ( / ) double knockout mice as well as Npy ( / ) and Agrp ( / ) single knockout mice with either ghrelin or an orally active nonpeptide ghrelin agonist . ^^^ The data demonstrate that NPY and AgRP are required for the orexigenic effects of ghrelin , as well as the involvement of the melanocortin pathway in ghrelin signaling . ^^^ Although deletion of either NPY or AgRP caused only a modest or nondetectable effect , ablation of both ligands completely abolished the orexigenic action of ghrelin . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The NPY receptor has been implicated in the orexigenic effect of ghrelin , but until now , the role of melanocortins on the effect of ghrelin in the PVN has not been reported . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The novel peptide hormone is produced by gastric A like cells , and circulating levels rise before feeding , suggestive of ghrelin as an endogenous hunger factor . ghrelin stimulates food intake and promotes adiposity after peripheral or central administration , likely by activating hypothalamic neurons expressing the orexigenic neuropeptides neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) and agouti related protein ( AGRP ) . ^^^ To examine whether ghrelin induced feeding resembles NPY and AGRP [ AGRP fragment ( 83 132 ) ] induced orexia , we compared the short and long term orexigenic capacity of the three peptides . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Although a number of afferent hormonal signals from the periphery can directly modulate NPYergic signaling , the reciprocal circadian and ultradian rhythmicities of anorexigenic leptin from adipocytes and orexigenic ghrelin from stomach , encode a corresponding pattern of NPY discharge for daily meal patterning . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The effects of an intracerebroventricular ( icv ) injection of neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) , galanin and ghrelin were also analyzed . ^^^ Icv injections of NPY , galanin and ghrelin stimulated GHRH release without affecting SRIF release . ^^^ In addition , NPY suppressed , and galanin and ghrelin induced large GH pulses , although ghrelin was much more effective than galanin . ^^^ The mechanisms underlying the generation of large GH pulses of 5 hr periodicity remain unknown , while direct action of NPY and / or ghrelin on the pituitary might be involved . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The actions of ghrelin and leptin appear to be mediated by the neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) and Agouti related protein ( AGRP ) system . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| It is known that , in rats , central and peripheral ghrelin increases food intake mainly through activation of neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) neurons . ^^^ In addition , we also investigated the effect of ghrelin on NPY induced food intake and on expression of hypothalamic NPY mRNA . ^^^ Co injection of ghrelin with NPY inhibited NPY induced increase in food intake , and the ICV injection of ghrelin did not change NPY mRNA expression . ^^^ These results indicate that central ghrelin does not interact with NPY as seen in rodents , but instead inhibits food intake by interacting with the endogenous CRF and its receptor . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These lesions impaired responses to intracerebroventricular ( icv ) leptin ( 5 microg / 5 microl 10 d ) and ghrelin ( 2 microg / 5 microl ) , which are thought to alter feeding primarily by actions on ARC NPY / AGRP and proopiomelanocortin / cocaine and amphetamine related transcript neurons . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These results indicate that GALP directly targets GHRH neurons , but not NPY and POMC neurons , and that ghrelin directly targets GHRH neurons in the ARC . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Although they ate more , rats trained with NPY did not have changed plasma glucose , insulin , or ghrelin . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Further the hypothesis that a functional relationship between NPY and ghrelin within the CNS exists was addressed . ^^^ Central administration of the NPY 1 receptor antagonist , BIBP 3226 , prior to centrally or peripherally administration of ghrelin antagonized the ghrelin induced stimulation of colonic transit . ^^^ On the contrary ICV pretreatment with the NPY 2 receptor antagonist , BIIE 0246 , failed to modulate the ghrelin induced stimulation of colonic motility . ^^^ CONCLUSION : The results suggest that ghrelin acts in the central nervous system to modulate gastrointestinal motor function utilizing NPY 1 receptor dependent mechanisms . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Because ghrelin producing neurons are known to form synapses onto NPY / AgRP neurons , we suggest that the reversal of C 75 induced anorexia by ghrelin may be mediated by NPY / AgRP neurons . ^^^ This hypothesis is supported by the finding that ghrelin reverses the C 75 induced inactivation ( assessed by c Fos expression ) of neurons in the arcuate nucleus that express NPY ( assessed by immunohistochemical costaining ) . ^^^ These effects closely correlate with appropriate changes downstream in the expression of the hypothalamic neuropeptides that regulate feeding behavior , i . e . , down regulation of the expression of NPY and AgRP and up regulation of the expression of proopiomelanocortin / alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone , provoked by C 75 and reversed by ghrelin . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| A reciprocal rhythmic pattern of 2 afferent hormonal signals , anorexigenic leptin and orexigenic ghrelin , imparts rhythmicity to the neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) system , the final common pathway for appetite expression in the hypothalamus . ^^^ We propose that this dual leptin restraint is the major regulatory arm of the feedback communication between the periphery and the hypothalamus for weight homeostasis , and disruption in the rhythmic communication at any locus in the leptin ghrelin NPY feedback loop impels loss of hypothalamic control , leading to abnormal weight gain and obesity . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The present studies tested whether methamphetamine alters the expression of neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) and agouti related peptide ( AgRP ) , two important orexigenic neuropeptides , or proopiomelanocortin ( POMC ) , the precursor for the anorexigenic peptide alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone , or the secretion of leptin , insulin and ghrelin , concomitant with inhibition of food intake . ^^^ In a separate study , AL and SF animals were killed just prior to expected food presentation , and expression of NPY , AgRP and POMC mRNAs in hypothalamus was determined using in situ hybridisation ; concentrations of leptin , insulin and ghrelin in serum were determined with radioimmunoassays . ^^^ In saline treated , SF controls , NPY and AgRP mRNA expression in arcuate nucleus and serum ghrelin were significantly elevated , and serum leptin and insulin were significantly reduced . ^^^ However , in AL animals , NPY mRNA expression in arcuate and dorsomedial nuclei was significantly increased by methamphetamine , which also reduced serum leptin and insulin and increased serum ghrelin concentrations . ^^^ The increase in NPY expression produced by methamphetamine in AL animals may be mediated by the ability of this drug to decrease secretion of leptin and insulin and increase secretion of ghrelin . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Because these effects are similar to those observed after PVN injection of NPY , we then assessed the impact of coinjecting ghrelin with NPY into the PVN . ^^^ When rats were pretreated with very low doses of ghrelin ( 2 . 5 10 pmol ) , NPY ' s ( 50 pmol ) effects on eating and RQ were potentiated . ^^^ Our findings are also consistent with a possible interactive role of hypothalamic ghrelin and NPY systems . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Ghrelin has been shown to have a physiological role in the control of food intake , acting as an orexigenic hormone , probably by stimulating NPY production in contrast to the actions of leptin . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In goldfish , nutritional status can modify the expression of mRNAs encoding a number of these peptides , which provides further evidence for their roles as appetite regulators : ( 1 ) brain mRNA expression of CCK , CART , tachykinins , galanin , ghrelin , and NPY undergo peri prandial variations ; and ( 2 ) fasting increases the brain mRNA expression of NPY , AgRP , and ghrelin as well as serum ghrelin levels , and decreases the brain mRNA expression of tachykinins , CART , and CCK . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Serum concentrations of ghrelin , cortisol and ethanol were determined and neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) concentrations were determined in plasma . ^^^ CONCLUSION : Alcohol has an acute inhibitory influence on human ghrelin secretion but no measurable effect on the secretion of NPY and cortisol . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Polymorphisms in the ghrelin ( GHRL ) and neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) genes were examined in the same population based case control study of NHL to further explore the role of genes involved in energy homeostasis and obesity in susceptibility to NHL . ^^^ Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone that induces NPY release and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines via its antagonistic relationship with leptin . ^^^ NPY is a potent appetite stimulator controlled by ghrelin and leptin and also acts as a mediator of immune function . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Its inhibitory action appears to be independent of the NPY , ghrelin , and leptin pathways . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| More recently , peptides such as neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) , orexin B , ghrelin , galanin , and substance P have been evaluated for possible roles in controlling adenohypophysial hormone secretion in swine . ^^^ For example , NPY , orexin B , and ghrelin increased basal GH secretion and modulated the GH response to GHRH , at least in part , by direct action on the adenohypophysis . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We conclude that lowering body weight leads to increased expression of Ob Rb , ghrelin / GHS R expression and proportion of NPY cells that express Ob Rb in the arcuate nucleus . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Several lines of evidence suggest that the orexigenic action of ghrelin is mediated through neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) / agouti related peptide ( AgRP ) neurones . ^^^ Because ADX reduces the orexigenic actions of NPY and AgRP , we hypothesised that ADX would also reduce the orexigenic action of ghrelin . ^^^ The results also suggest that , unlike the orexigenic effects of NPY and AgRP , the ability of ghrelin to stimulate food intake is maintained in ADX rats . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) has been implicated in the downstream mediation of ghrelin hyperphagia , with the site of action for both peptides considered to be intrinsic to the hypothalamus . ^^^ Here , however , we observed robust hyperphagia with caudal brainstem ( CBS ) ( fourth intracerebroventricular ) ghrelin delivery and , moreover , that this response was reversed with coadministration of either of two NPY receptor antagonists ( 1229U91 and D Tyr 27 , 36 , D Thr 32 NPY27 36 ) with contrasting NPY receptor subtype binding properties . ^^^ To control for this , we occluded the cerebral aqueduct to restrict CSF flow between the forebrain and CBS ventricles and tested all combinations ( same and cross ventricle ) of ghrelin ( 150 pmol / 1 microl ) and NPY receptor antagonist delivery . ^^^ These results demonstrate distinct mediating pathways ( due to location and subtypes of relevant NPY receptor ) for the hyperphagic response driven separately by forebrain and CBS ghrelin administration . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| More recently , ghrelin , produced in the stomach and released into the general circulation , has drawn attention as the other limb of the feedback circuit that stimulates appetite at NPY network level . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Because neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) neurones of the arcuate nucleus express receptors for ghrelin , we investigated whether these neurones increase their IGF 1 and p Akt levels in response to this agonist . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| LC HF rats had increased plasma leptin and ghrelin levels and decreased insulin levels , and patterns of NPY and POMC mRNA expression were consistent with those of food deprived rats . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Peripheral feeding related hormones such as leptin , insulin , and ghrelin exert their main central effects through neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) synthesizing and alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone ( alpha MSH ) synthesizing neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Hypothalamic ghrelin , neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) , and orexin containing neurons form a feeding regulatory circuit . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Electroacupuncture suppresses expression of gastric ghrelin and hypothalamic NPY in chronic food restricted rats . ^^^ Exploration of the mechanism involved revealed significant downregulation of the orexigenic peptides : ghrelin in the stomach , and neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) but not Agouti related peptide ( AgRP ) in the hypothalamus , which was in line with the reduction in food intake in rats receiving EA stimulation as compared with those receiving restraint only . ^^^ A reduction in the orexigenic peptides ghrelin and NPY may be involved in the underlying mechanism . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In diabetic ghrelin ( + / + ) mice , but not in ghrelin ( / ) mice , the number of neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) immunoreactive neurons was significantly increased . ^^^ Our results suggest that enhanced NPY and reduced alpha MSH expression are secondary to the release of ghrelin , which should be considered the underlying trigger of hyperphagia associated with uncontrolled diabetes . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The appetite stimulating peptides orexin A , neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) and ghrelin are known to play a critical role in food intake . ^^^ After a 7 day recovery period , different doses of orexin A ( 0 . 25 3 nmol ) , NPY and ghrelin ( 0 . 03 1 nmol ) were injected into the left lateral ventricle without anesthesia . ^^^ In conclusion , the orexigenic effect of the peptides orexin A , NPY and ghrelin decreased in old rats , and this reduction may have been responsible for the age related decrease in food intake . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| RESULTS : No significant differences were found between the two groups in relation to plasma levels of GLP 1 , NPY , ghrelin and GH . ^^^ Peripheral NPY concentrations were positively correlated with ghrelin levels in both groups , and with plasma GLP 1 concentration only in controls . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NPY , orexins , and ghrelin form a hypothalamic food intake regulatory circuit . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Ghrelin stimulates the synthesis of neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) and agouti related protein ( AgRP ) in the arcuate nucleus neurons of the hypothalamus and hindbrain , which in turn enhance food intake . ^^^ Ghrelin expressing neurons modulate the action of both orexigenic NPY / AgRP and anorexigenic pro opiomelanocortin neurons . ^^^ AMP activated protein kinase is activated by ghrelin in the hypothalamus , which contributes to lower intracellular long chain fatty acids , and this appears to be the molecular signal for the expression of NPY and AgRP . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Hypothalamic ghrelin treatment modulates NPY but not CRH ergic activity in adrenalectomized rats subjected to food restriction : Evidence of a novel hypothalamic ghrelin effect . ^^^ It has been proposed that ghrelin induces food intake by a mechanism due to the stimulation of hypothalamic NPY ergic activity . ^^^ Thus , the aim of the present study was to test whether , icv administered , ghrelin modulates NPY and CRH ergic functions after food restriction ( FR ) and glucocorticoid deprivation . ^^^ Finally , hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression was enhanced by FR and , in response to icv ghrelin treatment , it decreased in ADX FR rats only . ^^^ Our data indicate an inhibitory effect of hypothalamic ghrelin on NPY ergic activity in FR rats lacking endogenous glucocorticoid . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We collected anterior hypothalamus from lean and obese patients at the time of autopsy , and Western blots and semiquantitative RT PCR for ghrelin and neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) were carried out . ^^^ Ghrelin and NPY mRNA levels followed the same trend and were significantly higher in the hypothalamus in obese compared to lean subjects , suggesting a central origin for the increased protein content in the obese subjects . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The present study was undertaken to elucidate the causes of hyperphagia in the TG rats by focusing on temporal changes in plasma ghrelin levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) contents . ^^^ These results suggest that , in the TG rats , insufficiency in circulating GH stimulates the ghrelin NPY system with a resultant increase in food intake . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9UBU3 and P01303 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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